参考文献

　　前言

　　1.彭博社记者埃里克·纽科默的一项调查发现，司机们睡在全国各地的停车场里。参见彭博科技2017年1月23日由埃里克·纽科默和奥利维娅·扎列斯基共同撰写的文章 “When Their Shifts End, Uber Drivers Set Up Camp in Parking Lots across the U.S.,” www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-23/when-their-shifts-end-uber-drivers-set-upcamp-in-parking-lots-across-the-u-s.

　　2.Andrew Ross, Nice Work If You Can Get It: Life and Labor in Precarious Times (New York: New York University Press, 2009); Arne L. Kalleberg,“Precarious Work, Insecure Workers: Employment Relations in Transition,”American Sociological Review 74, no. 1 (February 2009): 1-22.

　　3.这个数据是专指纽约市的，但在媒体中这个数据被用来在更广泛的范围内描述这个工作的好处，而不是单指纽约市。

　　4.优步建立在有相当长历史的临时工的传统之上，这些传统对出租车和其他行业产生了深远影响，但优步往前又走了一步。它用一套科技术语将这些模式和传统重新包装塑造。

　　5.V. B. Dubal, “The Drive to Precarity: A Political History of Work, Regulation, and Labor Advocacy in San Francisco’s Taxi and Uber Economies,” Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law 38, no. 1 (February 21, 2017), https:// ssrn.com/abstract=2921486.

　　6.卡耐基梅隆大学的研究者将其称为算法或数据驱动型管理模式。参阅Min Kyung Lee, Daniel Kusbit, Evan Metsky, and Laura Dabbish, “Working with Machines: The Impact of Algorithmic and Data-Driven Management on Human Workers,” 发表于《2015年4月在韩国首尔举办的第33届ACM SIGCHI年会议程》 (New York: ACM, 2015), 1603-1612, https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2702548.

　　7.Uber Help, “Insurance”, February 14, 2018, https://help.uber.com/h/a4afb2ed-75af-4db6-8fdb-dccecfcc3fd7?state=x31lXMTG_n8G9rQNXx_5L3qgzdIE8-7bHzhAoksAf1g%3D&csid=KofAFMlupm3NY9go3S0D__A#_.

　　8.Alex Rosenblat and Luke Stark, “Algorithmic Labor and Information Asymmetries: A Case Study of Uber’s Drivers,” International Journal of Communication 10, no. 27 (2016), http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/4892.

　　9.Douglas O’Connor, Thomas Colopy, Matthew Manahan, and Elie Gurfinkel v, Uber Technologies, Inc., August 16, 2013, http://uberlawsuit.com/Complaint.pdf.

　　10.对罗伯特·乔恩·亨德里克斯的引用出自Douglas O’Connor, Thomas Colopy, Matthew Manahan, and Elie Gurfinkel vs, Uber Technologies, Inc., no. C 13-3826 EMC, “Transcript of Proceedings,” p.17,U.S.District Court, Northern California:January30,2015,http://uberlawsuit.com/Uber%20-%20Transcript%20of%20hearing%20on%20summary%20 judgment%20-%201-30-15.pdf.

　　11.Philip M. Napoli and Robyn Caplan, “Why Media Companies Insist They’re Not Media Companies, Why They’re Wrong, and Why It Matters,” First Monday 22, no. 5 (May 2017), http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/7051/6124.

　　12.对法官爱德华· M. 陈的引用出自Douglas O’Connor et al., Plaintiffs v.Uber Technologies, Inc., et al., Defendants. No. C-13-3826 EMC, “Order Denying Defendant Uber Technologies, Inc.’s Motion for Summary Judgment,” p.10, U.S. District Court, Northern California, March 11, 2015,https://onlabor.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/uber-order.pdf.

　　13.Helen Christoph, “Judge Advances Men’s ADA Complaint against Uber,”Courthouse News Service, March 1, 2018, www.courthousenews.com/judge-advances-mens-ada-complaint-against-uber/.

　　14.Napster通过允许用户免费分享音乐文件颠覆了整个音乐产业。脸书的社交媒体凭此条件在传播信息方面更为迅速，但新闻行业却失去了对传播渠道的控制。参阅Emily Bell, “The End of the News as We Know It: How Facebook Swallowed Journalism,” Tow Center, March 7,2016, https://medium.com/tow-center/the-end-of-the-news-as-we-know-ithow-facebook-swallowed-journalism- 60344fa50962.

　　15.Amy Webb, “The ‘Uber for X’ Fad Will Pass Because Only Uber Is Uber,”Wired, December 9, 2016, www.wired.com/2016/12/uber-x-fad-will-passuber-uber/.

　　16.这是我关于优步的第一个正式研究项目，搭档是媒体、文化和通信学者卢克·斯塔克，研究结果于2014年12月底发表，不过我们早在2014年6月已经开始进行相关的背景研究了。

　　17.这些地区是得克萨斯州奥斯汀市，得克萨斯州达拉斯和沃斯堡地区，佛罗里达州奥兰多市，马萨诸塞州剑桥和临近的波士顿市，加州旧金山、帕罗奥多和洛杉矶，纽约和新泽西以及周边地区，犹他州盐湖城，佐治亚州亚特兰大市，路易斯安那州新奥尔良市，华盛顿特区以及加拿大蒙特利尔市。

　　18.这些地区是密歇根州安阿伯市和底特律地区，科罗拉多州丹佛市，加州圣何塞市，佛罗里达州波卡拉顿和迈阿密地区，阿拉斯加州朱诺市和安克雷奇市，华盛顿州西雅图市，南卡罗来纳州查尔斯顿市，蒙大拿州波兹曼市，大不列颠省的温哥华、曼尼托巴省的温尼伯，以及安大略省多伦多和渥太华市。我电话采访的对象有些在我做过田野调查的城市里，有些生活在我没去过的城市，其中包括佐治亚州萨凡纳市、路易斯安那州巴吞鲁日市、得克萨斯州休斯敦市，以及北卡罗来纳州罗利市。

　　19.Global News Staff, “Uber Can Now Legally Operate in Quebec”, Global News, October 22, 2016, http://globalnews.ca/news/3019867/uber-cannow- legally-operate-in-quebec/.

　　20.Julia Simon-Mischel, “Uber and Lyft: Where Are We Going?”会议座谈内容,Continuing Legal Education for the Pennsylvania Bar Institute, November 28,2017; Training Assocs. Corp. v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 101 A.3d 1225, 2014 Pa. Commw. LEXIS 501 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 2014).

　　21.感谢丽莎·康拉德在2107年8月3日的一封邮件中提供了这样的观点视角。参阅 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_the_Other_Half_Lives.

　　22.在盐湖城外，犹他州的主要宗教为摩门教。参阅Matt Canham, “Salt Lake County Is Becoming Less Mormon—Utah County Is Headed in the Other Direction,” Salt Lake Tribune, July 16, 2017, http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=5403049&itype=CMSID.

　　23.U.S. Federal Trade Commission, “Uber Settles FTC Allegations That It Made Deceptive Privacy and Data Security Claims,” August 15,2017, www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2017/08/uber-settles-ftcallegations-it-made- deceptive-privacy-data.

　　24.Sarah Lacy, “Uber Executive Said the Company Would Spend ‘A Million Dollars’ to Shut Me Up,” Time, November 14, 2017, http://motto.time.com/5023287/uber-threatened-journalist-sarah-lacy/.

　　25.Aaron Deliwiche and Jennifer Jacobs Henderson, “What Is Participatory Culture?” in The Participatory Cultures Handbook, eds. Aaron Deliwiche and Jennifer Jacobs Henderson (New York: Taylor and Francis, 2013), 4.

　　26.在我的调查研究中，有证据可以表明优步乘客端软件上显示的黑色小车，跟实际在街上跑的可用车辆的真实位置信息并不相符。

　　第一章 做个光鲜亮丽的司机：优步如何利用共享经济神话

　　1.来自对共享经济运动及其政治影响的重要评论文章，参阅Trebor Scholz, “Uberworked and Underpaid: How Workers Are Disrupting the Digital Economy” (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2016), and Nick Srnicek,Platform Capitalism (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2016).

　　2.法律学者Orly Lobel强调了一个事实，就是关于共享经济的定义并没有一个共识或标准，也没有谁对“我们在生产、消费、工作和学习方面所发生的范畴转移进行了全面完整的总结和描述。”参阅 Orly Lobel, “The Law of the Platform,” University of Minnesota Law Review 101, no. 1 (2016): 87-89; Ryan Calo and Alex Rosenblat, “The Taking Economy: Uber, Information, and Power,” Columbia Law Review 117,no. 6 (2017), http://columbialawreview.org/content/the-taking-economyuber-information-and-power/. 将共享经济描述为一种流行的想法，参阅 Caroline Jack, “Imagining the Sharing Economy,” Points, November 21, 2016, https://points.datasociety.net/imagining-the-sharing-economy3a2048469da5.

　　3.Anne Washington, “A Crisis of Logics: Vocabulary Shifts in 2007-2008 Monetary Policy” (presentation, egos2017, Copenhagen, June 24, 2017).

　　4.Christine MacDonald and Joel Kurth, “Detroit Backed Off Suing Lenders over Risky Mortgages,Blight,” Detroit News, June 25, 2015, www.detroitnews.com/story/news/special-reports/2015/06/25/detroit-backedoff-suing-lenders/29289237/.

　　5.正如经济学家Barth和同事们所观察到的，“大衰退期间就业率急剧下滑，而到了2015年，经济复苏期已进入第六个年头，就业率的回升速度依旧缓慢，就业人口比例比2007年低了3.6个百分点”。参阅 Erling Barth, James Davis, Richard Freeman, and Sari Pekkala Kerr, “Weathering the Great Recession: Variation in Employment Responses,by Establishments and Countries,” Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 3, no. 3 (2017): 50-69, www.rsfjournal.org/doi/full/10.7758/RSF.2017.3.3.03.

　　6.Ann R. Tickamyer, Jennifer Sherman, and Jennifer Warlick, eds., Rural Poverty in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press,2017), 124.

　　7.Ofer Sharone, Flawed System/Flawed Self (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013), 7; the author cites Challenger, Grey, and Christmas,“More on White-Collar Job Loss,” October 6, 2009, Challenger @Work,http://challenger atworkblog.blogspot.com/2009/10/more-on-white-collarjob-loss.html.

　　8.Janice Nittoli, “Our Blue-Collar Great Depression,” Wall Street Journal, August 25, 2010, www.wsj.com/articles/SB1000142405274870402340457542 9864088150270.

　　9.Barth和同事们写道：“截至2015年，经济复苏已经进入第六个年头后，就业人口比例依然比2007年低了3.6个百分点。”参阅Barth,Davis, Freeman, and Kerr, “Weathering the Great Recession,” 2; 更多关于大衰退对就业率持久影响的讨论请参阅Tickamyer, Sherman, and Warlick, Rural Poverty, 124.

　　10.Sasha Ingber, “U.N. Investigator on Extreme Poverty Issues a Grim Report—on the U.S.”, NPR Goats and Soda, December 21, 2017, www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/12/21/572043850/u-n-investigator-onextreme-poverty- issues-a-grim-report-on-the-u-s.

　　11.Wendy Chun, “Proxy Politics as Social Cybernetics”（会议报告, Cybernetics Conference, November 18, 2017），Internet Society,进行了网络直播，直播地址为https://livestream.com/accounts/9197973/events/7940973/videos/166218044.

　　12.参见John Cassidy, “Does Tackling Inequality Reduce Growth? No,” New Yorker,February 26, 2014, www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/doestackling-inequality-reduce-growth-no; 以及Christian R. Proaño, “A Paradigm Change and the IMF?” Development and Cooperation, January 12, 2016, www.dandc. eu/en/article/imf-economomists-worry-about-growing-inequality.

　　13.Charlie Savage, “Wells Fargo Will Settle Mortgage Bias Charges,” New York Times, July 12, 2012, www.nytimes.com/2012/07/13/business/wellsfargo- to-settle-mortgage-discrimination-charges.html.

　　14.Tressie McMillan Cottom, Lower Ed: The Troubling Rise of For-Profit Colleges in the New Economy (New York: New Press, 2017), ch. 9; The Movement for Black Lives, “Platform,” n.d., https://policy.m4bl.org/platform/.

　　15.Chris Hughes, Fair Shot: Rethinking Inequality and How We Earn (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2018).

　　16.Todd Haselton, “Mark Zuckerberg Joins Silicon Valley Bigwigs in Calling for Government to Give Everybody Free Money,” CNBC, May 25, 2017,www.cnbc.com/2017/05/25/mark-zuckerberg-calls-for-universal-basicincome-at-harvard-speech.html.

　　17.Eric A. Posner and Glen E. Weyl, “Property Is Only Another Name for Monopoly,” Journal of Legal Analysis (January 31, 2017), https://ssrn.com/abstract=2818494.

　　18.Jack, “Imagining the Sharing Economy.”

　　19.Robin Chase, “Bye, Bye Capitalism: We’re Entering the Age of Abundance,”Backchannel, July 16, 2015, https://medium.com/backchannel/see-ya-latercapitalism-the-collaborative-economy-is-taking-over-34a5fc3a37cd. Robin Chase也写过一本关于共享经济的书。

　　20.Srnicek通过观察经济增长衰退的周期循环，以及其在当今合作经济中再次出现后的表现来跟踪平台资本主义的发展。

　　21.Nick Srnicek, “Platform Capitalism” (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2016).

　　22.Jay Shambaugh and Ryan Nunn, “Why Wages Aren’t Growing in America,”Harvard Business Review, October 24, 2017, https://hbr.org/2017/10/whywages-arent-growing-in-america.

　　23.Darrell Etherington, “Uber Crosses the 5 Billion Trip Milestone amid Ongoing Issues,” TechCrunch, June 29, 2017, https://techcrunch.com/2017/06/29/uber-crosses-the-5-billion-trip-milestone-amid-ongoingissues/.

　　24.2018年3月5日优步公司发给我的电子邮件。

　　25.Pew Research Center, “America’s Shrinking Middle Class: A Close Look at Changes within Metropolitan Areas,” May 11, 2016, www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/05/11/americas-shrinking-middle-class-a-close-look-at-changeswithin- metropolitan-areas/.

　　26.我们在本书后面的内容中可以看到，这些数据跟许多媒体报道的司机的真实收入有很大出入。

　　27.Studs Turkel, “Working: People Talk about What They Do All Day and How They Feel about What They Do” (New York: New Press, 1997); John Bowe, Marisa Bowe, Sabin Streeter, eds., Gig (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2001).

　　28.Lawrence F. Katz and Alan B. Krueger, “The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements in the United States, 1995-2015,” National Bureau of Economic Research, June 18, 2017, https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/lkatz/files/katz_krueger_cws_resubmit_clean.pdf.

　　29.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Why This Counts: Measuring ‘Gig’ Work,”March 3, 2016, https://blogs.bls.gov/blog/tag/contingent-workers/.

　　30.Lauren Weber, “Some of the World’s Largest Employers No Longer Sell Things, They Rent Workers,” Wall Street Journal, December 28, 2017, www.wsj.com/articles/some-of-the-worlds-largest-employers-no-longer-sellthings- they-rent-workers-1514479580.

　　31.Vili Lehdonvirta, “Considering the Taylor Review: Ways Forward for the Gig Economy,” Policy and Internet Blog, July 21, 2017, http://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/policy/considering-the-taylor-review-ways-forward-for-the-gigeconomy/.

　　32.参见Barth, Davis, Freeman, and Kerr, “Weathering the Great Recession.”

　　33.即使那些跟优步在同一时期出现的公司，比如爱彼迎，或者早于优步的公司，比如TaskRabbit ，都处于作为共享经济代表的优步的阴影之下。关于“Uber for X”现象的讨论可参考Nathan Heller, “Is the Gig Economy Working?” New Yorker, May 15, 2017,www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/05/15/is-the-gig-economy-working.

　　34.Juggernaut, “Uber for X Startups That Failed— Are You Making the Same Mistakes?” April 28, 2015, http://nextjuggernaut.com/blog/11-uber-for-xstartups-that-failed-are-you-making-the-same-mistakes/.

　　35.Aaron Smith, “Gig Work, Online Selling and Home Sharing,” Pew Research Center,November17,2016,www.pewinternet.org/2016/11/17/gig-workonline-selling-and-home-sharing/.

　　36.Sara Ashley O’Brien, “Airbnb’s Valuation Soars to $30 Billion,” CNN Tech,August 8, 2016, http://money.cnn.com/2016/08/08/technology/airbnb-30billion-valuation/index.html.

　　37.Vili Lehdonvirta, “The Online Gig Economy Grew 26% over the Past Year,”iLabour Project, July 10, 2017, http://ilabour.oii.ox.ac.uk/the-online-gigeconomy-grew-26-over-the-past-year/.

　　38.由共享经济产生的词汇还包括P2P、合作经济等。

　　39.Uber Under the Hood, “Uber Partners with NAACP to Increase Flexible Work Opportunities,” January 5, 2016, https://medium.com/uber-under- thehood/uber-partners-with-naacp-to-increase-flexible-work-opportunities78cfc51695b3.

　　40.Uber, “Uber | MADD,” www.uber.com/partner/madd/.

　　41.参见Gabriel Thompson, “What We Talk about When We Talk about the Gig Economy,” Capital and Main, July 27, 2017, https://capitalandmain.com/what-we-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-the-gig-economy-0727; 关于零工经济中收入波动的调查研究，参阅 JP Morgan Chase, “Paychecks,Paydays, and the Online Platform Economy Big Data on Income Volatility,”February 2016, www.jpmorganchase.com/corporate/institute/reportpaychecks-paydays-and-the-online-platform-economy.htm.

　　42.Amir Efrati,“Investors Rethink Uber’s Long-Term Value,” The Information, December 7, 2017, www.theinformation.com/investors-rethink-uberslong-term-value.

　　43.Greg Bensinger, “What Is Uber Really Worth?” Wall Street Journal,November 15, 2017, www.wsj.com/articles/with-two-price-tags-fromsoftbank-what-is-uber-really-worth-1510741802.

　　44.Harrison Weber, “Uber’s Unreal $70 Billion Valuation Really Was Unreal,”Gizmodo, December 28, 2017, https://gizmodo.com/uber-s-unreal-70billion-valuation-really-was-unreal-1821633772.

　　45.Theodore Schleifer, “Uber’s Latest Valuation: $72 Billion,” Recode，February 9, 2018, www.recode.net/2018/2/9/16996834/uber-latestvaluation-72-billion-waymo-lawsuit-settlement.

　　46.Valerio de Stefano, “Introduction: Crowdsourcing, the Gig Economy, and the Law,” Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal 37, no. 3 (April 24,2016): 2, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2767383.

　　47.共享经济模式的前身更多来自特许经营企业（比如麦当劳和赛百味），而不是行业竞争者（比如出租车）。和网约车司机一样，这些连锁企业的加盟商作为小微企业也要向总公司让渡很大的经营控制权。

　　48.共享经济中的平台公司跟销售护肤品、化妆品、营养品和其他此类产品的独立分销商网络——例如安利、玫琳凯、雅芳和康宝莱——有着本质的不同。正如犹他大学商学院教授杰西卡·伯奇在2018年1月给我发的一封电子邮件中所写的：“直销代表通常不会认为自己是共享经济的一分子。一些人更倾向于使用‘自由经济’一词。在他们看来，共享经济需要你拥有一个房间或一辆车来与他人共享，但直销对那些即使是一无所有的人同样是开放的。这一套宣扬可以自由无门槛加入的语言体系同样也可能暗示了他们本身就并不拥有任何资产。”

　　49.Juliet B. Schor, “Collaborating and Connecting: The Emergence of the Sharing Economy,” in Handbook on Research and Sustainable Consumption, ed. Lucia Reisch and John Thogersen (Northampton, MA:Edward Elgar, 2015).

　　50.Yochai Benkler, “Sharing Nicely: On Shareable Goods and the Emergence of Sharing as a Modality of Economic Production,” Yale Law Journal 114,no. 2 (November, 2004): 273-358.

　　51.Alexandra Mateescu, “Who Cares in the Gig Economy?” Points, July 12,2017, https://points.datasociety.net/who-cares-in-the-gig-economy6d75a079a889. 关于共享经济植根于合作型商业活动，并作为后者的产物和表征，可参阅社会学家Juliet B. Schor, “On the Sharing Economy,”Contexts 14, no. 1 (2015): 12-19, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1536504214567860; 也可参阅Edward T. Walker, “Beyond the Rhetoric of the ‘Sharing Economy,’” Contexts 14, no. 1 (2015): 12-19,http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1536504214567860; Natasha Singer, “Twisting Words to MTake ‘Sharing’ Apps Seem Selfless,” New York Times, August 8, 2015; Caroline Jack, “Imagining the Sharing Economy,”Points, November 21, 2016, https://points.datasociety.net/imagining-thesharing-economy- 3a2048469da5.

　　52.Axel Bruns, Belogs, Wikipedia, Seocond Life,and Beyond: From Production to Produsage (New York: Peter Lang, 2008), 3, 同样参见12章。

　　53.Emma Paling, “Wikipedia’s Hostility to Women,” Atlantic, October 21,2015, www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipediais-hostile-to- women/411619/; 更多关于女性作者在维基百科中关于科技和不公平的文化文本词条方面的贡献，请参阅Alice Marwick,Status Update (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013), 75; Claudia Wagner et al., “It’s a Man’s Wikipedia? Assessing Gender Inequalityin an Online Encyclopedia,” Cornell University Library, January 26,2015, https://arxiv.org/abs/1501.06307; Lam et al., “WP: Clubhouse?An Exploration of Wikipedia’s Gender Imbalance ”(presentation at WikiSym’11, Mountain View, California, October 3-5, 2011), http://files.grouplens.org/papers/wp-gender-wikisym2011.pdf.

　　54.Marwick, Status Update, 29-35, 44.

　　55.Bruns, Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life, and Beyond, 3.

　　56.Julia Ticona在2017年8月3日与我的对话。

　　57.“Anti-Uber Protests around the World, in Pictures,” Telegraph, n.d., www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/picture-galleries/11902080/Anti-Uber-protestsaround-the-world-in-pictures.html.

　　58.像优步这样的重人力资源型平台通常跟爱彼迎这样的重资产型平台有很大的区别，后者要求用户要有属于自己的房产，虽然优步司机通常也会用自己的或者租来的车加入平台。每个想要维持生活补贴家用的人都可以通过手机软件找到一份零工，比如用Instacart配送杂货，用TaskRabbit搬家，用Handy提供洗衣服务，或者用其他数不清的临时店面寻找工作机会。

　　59.Philip M. Napoli and Robyn Caplan, “Why Media Companies Insist They’re Not Media Companies, Why They’re Wrong, and Why It Matters,” First Monday 22, no. 5 (May 2017), http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/7051/6124.

　　60.Erin Griffith, “Memo to Facebook: How to Tell If You’re a Media Company,”Wired, October 12, 2017, www.wired.com/story/memo-to-facebook- howto-tell-if-youre-a-media-company/.

　　61.Julia Tomassetti, “Does Uber Redefine the Firm? The Postindustrial Corporation and Advanced Information Technology,” Hofstra Labor and Employment Law Journal 34, no. 1 (2016): 8; Calo and Rosenblat, “The Taking Economy.”

　　62.Sharon Terlep, “Millennials as Seen by Corporate America,” Wall street Journal,2017,https://graphics.wsj.com/glider/millennials-c671d444-6267- 4e9bba6b-384a5b2fdb03.

　　63.有时候人们会用“自恋”来形容新世纪的女性，这其实是一种对那些有强烈自我主张女性的一种贬低性的说法。

　　64.参见Alison J. Pugh, The Tumbleweed Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015)。

　　65.对于工薪阶层成年人是如何将这些想法和概念融入自己的职业和人生规划中的民族志学研究，可参阅M. Silva, Coming Up Short: WorkingClass Adulthood in an Age of Uncertainty (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), particularly pp. 29-31。

　　66.Jia Tolentino, “The Gig Economy Celebrates Working Yourself to Death,”New Yorker, March 22, 2017, www.newyorker.com/culture/jia-tolentino/the-gig-economy-celebrates-working-yourself-to-death.

　　67.Elizabeth Wissinger, “Glamor Labour in the Age of Kardashian,” Critical Studies in Fashion and Beauty 7, no. 2 (December 2016): 141-152, www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/intellect/csfb/2016/00000007/00000002/art00002.

　　68.International Finance Corporation-World Bank, “Driving toward Equality:Women, Ride-Hailing, and the Sharing Economy,” March 1, 2018, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/856531520948298389/Drivingtoward-equality-women-ride-hailing-and-the-sharing-economy.

　　69.Kaleigh Rogers, “Love in the Time of Ridesharing,” Motherboard, May 27, 2016, https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/yp33yg/love-in-the time-of-ridesharing-uber-lyft-romance-technology.

　　70.Lobel, “The Law of the Platform;” Calo and Rosenblat, “The Taking Economy.”

　　71.Tressie McMillan Cottom, “Credentials, Jobs and the New Economy,” Inside Higher Ed, March 2, 2017, www.insidehighered.com/views/2017/03/02/impact-new-economy-profit-colleges-and-their-students-essay.

　　72.Alex Rosenblat and Luke Stark,“Algorithmic Labor and Information Asymmetries: A Case Study of Uber’s Drivers,” International Journal of Communication 10, no. 27 (2016): 3762, http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/4892.

　　73.此处以及本书不同地方所引用的我的部分田野调查结果，也用在了一项合作研究项目及相关的出版物中，参阅Alexandra Mateescu, Alex Rosenblatt, and Julia Ticona, “Mapping Inequalities in the On-Demand Economy” （未发表的白皮书，New York: Data & Society Research Institute,January 31, 2018）。

　　74.哈里·坎贝尔运营着一个备受欢迎且信息量巨大的针对网约车司机的博客The Rideshare Guy，在这篇2017年1月11日发表的文章中总结了网约车司机所承担的隐性成本。“The Hidden Costs of Rideshare Driving,” The Ridesbare Guy, January,11,2017, http://theride shareguy.com/the-hidden-costs-of-rideshare-driving-infographic/.

　　75.Caroline O’Donavan, “Here’s How Much Uber Drivers Make, According to a New Uber Report,” BuzzFeed News, November 21, 2016, www.buzzfeed.com/carolineodonovan/heres-how-much-uber-drivers-makeaccording-to-a- new-uber-rep.

　　76.Alison Griswold, “MIT’s Uber Study Couldn’t Possibly Have Been Right:It Was Still Important,” Quartz, March 7, 2018, https://qz.com/1222744/mits-uber-study-couldnt-possibly-have-been-right-it-was-still-important/.77. Caroline O’Donavan, “No, Uber Drivers Are Probably Not Earning Only$3.37 an Hour,” BuzzFeed News, March 6, 2018, www.buzzfeed. com/carolineodonovan/uber-driver-earnings-research-mit-darakhosrowshahi?utm_ term=.qdW0E4MJmZ#.glqNagnyYm.

　　第二章 开车的动力：优步如何区别对待专职和兼职司机

　　1.2017年12月9日来福车与我的电子邮件往来。

　　2.2018年3月5日和5月29日优步与我的电子邮件往来。

　　3.Cody Cook, Rebecca Diamond, Jonathan Hall, John A. List, and Paul Oyer. “The Gender Earnings Gap in the Gig Economy: Evidence from over a Million Rideshare Drivers,” January 2018, 9, https://web.stanford.edu/～diamondr/UberPayGap.pdf, p. 9; Alexandra Mateescu, Alex Rosenblat, and Julia Ticona, “Mapping Inequalities in the On-Demand Economy” （未发表的白皮书，New York: Data & Society Research Institute, January 31, 2018）.

　　4.本书中包含从以下文章中摘录的内容：Alex Rosenblat, “What Motivates Gig Economy Workers,” Harvard Business Review, November 17, 2016,https://hbr.org/2016/11/what-motivates-gig-economy-workers. 摘录内容出现在本书不同的章节中。

　　5.Jonathan V. Hall and Alan B. Krueger, “An Analysis of the Labor Market for Uber’s Driver-Partners in the United States,” January 22, 2015, https://s3.amazonaws.com/uber-static/comms/PDF/Uber_Driver-Partners_Hall_Kreuger_2015.pdf. 同样，在对哈里·坎贝尔备受读者欢迎的关于网约车司机博客的453名订阅用户调查后发现，每周工作时间少于或等于20小时的优步司机（受访者中有近一半人属于此类）占了优步总服务和工作时间的24%，而少数（14%占比）全职司机（每周工作时间大于40小时）则提供了优步服务总量的31%。

　　6.Lyft, “National Data,” 2018 Economic Impact Report, https://take.lyft.com/economic-impact/.

　　7.James Manyika, Susan Lund, Jacques Bughin, Kelsey Robinson, Jan Mischke, and Deepa Mahajan, “Independent Work: Choice, Necessity, and the Gig Economy,” McKinsey & Company, October 2016, www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/employment-and-growth/independent-work-choicenecessity- and-the-gig-economy.

　　8.Diana Farrell and Fiona Greig, “The Online Platform Economy: Has Growth Peaked?” JP Morgan Chase, November 2016, www.jpmorganchase.com/corporate/institute/document/jpmc-institute-online-platform-econ-brief.pdf; Lyft, “New York City,” 2018 Economic Impact Report, https://take.lyft.com/economic-impact/; Rosenblat, “What Motivates Gig Economy Workers.”

　　9.Lyft, “National Data,” 2018 Economic Impact Report, https://take.lyft.com/economic-impact/.

　　10.Sachin Kansal, “Another Step to Prevent Drowsy Driving,” Uber Newsroom, February 12, 2018, www.uber.com/newsroom/drowsydriving/.

　　11.优步政策团队于2018年2月13日与我的电子邮件往来。

　　12.Office of the Mayor, For-Hire Vehicle Transportation Study (New York:Office of the Mayor, January 2016), 9, www1.nyc.gov/assets/operations/downloads/pdf/For-Hire-Vehicle-Transportation-Study.pdf.

　　13.Lyft, “New York City,” 2018 Economic Impact Report, https://take.lyft.com/economic-impact/.

　　14.Noah Zatz, “Is Uber Wagging the Dog with Its Moonlighting Drivers?”On Labor,February 1, 2016, https://onlabor.org/is-uber-wagging-the-dogwith- its-moonlighting-drivers/; Rosenblat, “What Motivates Gig Economy Workers.”

　　15.Rosenblat, “What Motivates Gig Economy Workers.”

　　16.David Gutman, “Judge Dismisses Lawsuit Seeking to Block Seattle Law Allowing Uber and Lyft Drivers to Unionize,” Seattle Times, August 1,2017, www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/judge-dismisseslawsuit-seeking-to-block-seattle-law-allowing-uber-and-lyft-drivers-tounionize/.

　　17.Seattle.gov, “For-Hire Driver Collective Bargaining,” n.d., www.seattle. gov/business-regulations/taxis-for-hires-and-tncs/for-hire-driver-collectivebargaining.

　　18.Lindsey D. Cameron, “Making Out While Driving: Control, Coordination,and Its Consequences for Algorithmic Labor” (PhD diss., Stephen M. Ross School of Business, 2018).

　　19.Aaron Smith, “Gig Work, Online Selling and Home Sharing,” Pew Research Center, November 17, 2016, www.pewinternet.org/2016/11/17/gig-workonline-selling-and-home-sharing/.

　　20.Rosenblat, “What Motivates Gig Economy Workers”; Smith, “Gig Work,Online Selling.”

　　21.Rosenblat, “What Motivates Gig Economy Workers.”

　　22.JP Morgan Chase, “Paychecks, Paydays, and the Online Platform Economy Big Data on Income Volatility,” February 2016, www.jpmorganchase.com/corporate/institute/report-paychecks-paydays-and-the-online-platformeconomy.htm.

　　23.Hall and Krueger, “Analysis of the Labor Market,” 16.

　　24.Hall and Krueger, “Analysis of the Labor Market,” 16.

　　25.继父母逸闻来自Alison Pugh, The Tumbleweed Society: Working and Caring in an Age of Insecurity (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015),184.

　　26.Alex Rosenblat, “The Truth about How Uber’s App Manages Drivers,”Harvard Business Review, April 6, 2016, hbr.org/2016/04/the-truth-abouthow- ubers-app-manages-drivers.

　　27.Douglas MacMillan and Deepa Seetharaman,“Uber Eases Screening Rules in California,” Wall Street Journal, January 13, 2016, www.wsj.com/articles/uber-eases-screening-rules-in-california-1452668401.

　　28.这则采访和相关文字描述节选自Alexandra Mateescu, Alex Rosenblat and Julia Ticona,“Mapping Inequalities in the On-Demand Economy”(working paper, New York: Data & Society Research Institute, March 2018).

　　29.U.S. Federal Trade Commission, “Uber Agrees to Pay $20 Million to Settle FTC Charges That It Recruited Prospective Drivers with Exaggerated Earnings Claims,” January 19, 2017, www.ftc.gov/news-events/pressreleases/2017/01/uber-agrees-pay-20-million-settle-ftc-charges-itrecruited.

　　30.Caroline O’Donovan and Jeremy Singer-Vine, “How Much Uber Drivers Actually Make per Hour,” BuzzFeed News, June 22, 2016, www.buzzfeed.com/carolineodonovan/internal-uber-driver-pay-numbers.

　　31.Lawrence Mishel, “Uber and the Labor Market: Uber Drivers’ Compensation, Wages, and the Scale of Uber and the Gig Economy,” Economic Policy Institute, May 15, 2018, www.epi.org/publication/uber-and-thelabor-market-uber-drivers-compensation-wages-and-the-scale-of-uber and-the-gig-economy/

　　32.Kate Conger, “In Letter, Uber Said Drivers Didn’t Make Advertised Earnings due to Their ‘Choices.’” Gizmodo, December 21, 2017,https://gizmodo.com/in-letter-uber-said-drivers-didnt-make-advertisedearn-1820928444.

　　33.关于工作环境中的监控问题的进一步研究，以及这一情况与卡车运输行业中的独立司机工作之间的交集问题，请参阅Karen Levy, “The Automation of Compliance: Techno-Legal Regulation in the United States Trucking Industry” (unpublished manuscript, 2014).

　　34.David C. Shonka and Katherine Worthman, “Complaint for Permanent Injunction and Other Equitable Relief,” Federal Trade Commission v.Uber Technologies, Case 3:17-cv-00261, Filed 1/19/17, United States District Court for the Northeastern District of California, p. 7, www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/1523082ubercmplt.pdf.

　　35.Katie Wells, Kafui Attoh, and Declan Cullen, “The Work Lives of Uber Drivers: Worse Than You Think,” Working-Class Perspectives, July 10,2017, https://workingclassstudies.wordpress.com/2017/07/10/the-worklives-of-uber-drivers-worse-than-you-think/; Alison Griswold, “Inside Uber’s Unsettling Alliance with Some of New York’s Shadiest Car Dealers, ” Quartz, June 27, 2017, https://qz.com/1013882/ubers-rentaland-lease-programs-with-new-york-car-dealers-push-drivers-towardshady-subprime-contracts/.

　　36.Griswold, “Inside Uber’s Unsettling Alliance.”

　　37.See, e.g., ibid.

　　38.Michael Lazar, “The Average American Auto Payment Is...,” Huffington Post, December 6, 2017, www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-lazar/the average-american-auto_b_9405176.html.

　　39.Lauren Day, “Uber Driver Says Driving Isn’t Worth It,” KMIR, July 19, 2017,www.kmir.com/story/35926469/uber-driver-says-driving-isnt-worth-it.

　　40.Griswold, “Inside Uber’s Unsettling Alliance.”

　　41.Wells, Attoh, and Cullen, “The Work Lives of Uber Drivers.”

　　42.Alex Rosenblat, “How Uber’s Alliance with Montréal Drivers Turns Labo[u]r’s Tactics On Its Head,” Uber Screeds, August 4, 2016, https://medium.com/uber-screeds/how-ubers-alliance-with-montr%C3%A9aldrivers-turns- labo-u-r-s-tactics-on-its-head-af490b252dae.

　　43.Alex Rosenblat, “Is Your Uber/Lyft Driver in Stealth Mode?” Uber Screeds,July 19, 2016, https://medium.com/uber-screeds/is-your-uber-driver-inhiding-484696894139.

　　44.Mike Isaac, “Uber’s C.E.O. Plays with Fire,” New York Times, April 23,2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/04/23/technology/travis-kalanickpushes-uber- and-himself-to-the-precipice.html; Ali Griswold,“Oversharing: Waymo Hits Uber Where It Hurts, Instacart Talks Cash-Flow,and Airbnb Dorm Rooms,” Quartz, April 25, 2017.

　　45.Cook et al., “The Gender Earnings Gap in the Gig Economy,” 9.

　　46.Harry Campbell, “Why Driving for a Car Service Is a Great Side Gig,”The Points Guy, July 1, 2017, https://thepointsguy.com/2017/07/drivingcar- service-uber-lyft/.

　　第三章 兜售科技：优步如何为大众提供创业机会

　　1.Uber, “Vehicle Requirements Boston,” n.d., www.uber.com/boston- drivers/requirements/vehicle-requirements/.

　　2.Alex Rosenblat, “What Motivates Gig Economy Workers,” Harvard Business Review, November 17, 2016, https://hbr.org/2016/11/whatmotivates- gig-economy-workers.

　　3.Ilana Gershon, “The Quitting Economy,” Aeon, July 26, 2017, https://aeon.co/essays/how-work-changed-to-make-us-all-passionate-quitters.

　　4.Michael Grothaus, “Uber Will Pay $3 Million to Settle New York Class Action Suit,” Fast Company, January 10, 2018, www.fastcompany.com/40515514/uber-will-pay-3-million-to-settle-new-york-class-action-suit.

　　5.这一例子来自Carrie M. Lane, A Company of One: Insecurity, Independence,and the New World of White-Collar Unemployment 中对工作内容的描述(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011), 3.

　　6.Alex Rosenblat, “Uber’s Drive-By Politics,” Motherboard, May 27, 2016,https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/gv5jaw/uber-lyft-austin-driveby-politics.

　　7.Alex Rosenblat and Luke Stark, “Algorithmic Labor and Information Asymmetries: A Case Study of Uber’s Drivers,” International Journal of Communication 10, no.27 (2016): 3763, http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/ view/4892.

　　8.Alice Marwick, Status Update (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press,2013), 184.

　　9.Sarah Lacy (keynote speech at Start-Up Montréal Festival, July 2017).

　　10.Chuck Collins, Born on Third Base: A One Percenter Makes the Case for Tackling Inequality, Bringing Home Wealth, and Committing to the Common Good (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green , 2016), audible version, section1:30.

　　11.Molly McHugh, “Brake for Bathroom Breaks,” The Ringer, November 21,2016, https://theringer.com/brake-for-bathroom-breaks-f65cf6d68aad.

　　12.从理论上来讲，博客写手骗过系统的一个办法是积累大量的司机用户然后宣布他们都应该选择竞争平台的服务，这样就可以再收割一轮转介绍码的收入。但是，我很少从这些司机用户的口中听到有哪个博客写手有这方面的嫌疑。

　　13.Chris Siron, “Uber Drivers Continue Strike While Awaiting Decision from Company,” Dallas News, September 2015, www.dallasnews.com/news/transportation/2015/09/18/dozens-of-uber-dallas-drivers-protesttransportation-companys-west-end-offices.

　　14.在2017年4月，UberBlack司机赚取的车费包括起步基本费7美元，加上每分钟0.35美元，每英里3.45美元的费率。UberX司机的车费包括起步基本费1美元，以及每分钟0.10美元，每英里0.85美元的费率。

　　15.优步具体规定了哪种车型在哪个城市可以从事哪种级别的服务。例如，丰田凯美瑞、普锐斯和其他基本款的四门轿车，只要是2002年之后的新车型就可以从事UberX。同样的车型如果除司机以外可以乘坐六名乘客的话，就可以从事UberXL。通常情况下UberX是优步提供的最为廉价的一级服务，费率也最低，而优步的豪华专车服务，例如UberBlack和UberSelect则有着更高的门槛。想要满足这些要求，司机必须拥有一款有黑色内饰的四门豪华轿车，例如林肯Town Car、路虎或奥迪A3，并且车辆要够新，例如2013年或更新款的才行。这些标准在不同的城市和地区也会有所不同。

　　16.参阅纽约市Uber X和UberBlack服务对车型的不同要求。

　　17.Paolo Verme, “Facts vs. Perception: Understanding Inequality in Egypt,” blog post,The World Bank, January 24, 2013, http://blogs.worldbank.org/arabvoices/facts-vs-perceptions-understanding-inequality-egypt; John Cassidy,“Does Tackling Inequality Reduce Growth? No,” New Yorker, February 26,2014,www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/does-tackling-inequalityreduce-growth-no; Christian R. Proaño, “A Paradigm Change at the IMF?”Group for Study and Research on Globalizations, December 1, 2016,www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40678&lan=EN.

　　18.感谢Sara Al-Nashar, Amr El-Mougy 和 Nora EnCharge对此话题的热烈讨论。

　　19.宏观与微观经济的逻辑冲突的不同感受体现在公共服务被私营化以后。当一家私人机构接手一个公共机构后为了减少冗员提高效率，就会造成雇员失业，但总体来说这些经营活动的影响会带来更多的就业机会。

　　20.Julia Ticona and Alexandra Mateescu, “Trusted Strangers,” Reshaping Work in the Platform Economy, October 4, 2017, www.reshaping-work.com/blog8/2017/10/4/trusted-strangers-boundary-work-in-domestic-workplatforms- in-the-on-demand-economy.

　　21.Mike Isaac, “Uber’s C.E.O. Plays with Fire,” New York Times, April 23,2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/04/23/technology/travis-kalanick-pushesuber-and-himself-to-the-precipice.html.

　　22.其他研究者也在司机身上发现了类似的猜测，Mareike Glöss, Moira McGregor, and Barry Brown, “Designing for Labour: Uber and the OnDemand Mobile Workforce” (paper presented at the ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, San Jose, CA, 2016), 6, www.mobilelifecentre.org/sites/default/files/uber%20 final%20camera%20ready.pdf。

　　23.Rosanna Smart, Brad Rowe, Angela Hawken, Mark Kleiman, Nate Mladenovic, Peter Gehred, and Clarissa Manning, Faster and Cheaper: How Ride-Sourcing Fills a Gap in Low-Income Los Angeles Neighborhoods (Los Angeles: BOTEC Analysis Corporation, July 2015), http://botecanalysis.com/wp- content/uploads/2015/07/LATS-Final-Report.pdf.

　　24.Rosenblat and Stark, “Algorithmic Labor,” 3762.

　　25.Rosenblat and Stark, “Algorithmic Labor,” 3762。

　　26.Harry Campbell, “How to Take Advantage of Uber’s New Acceptance Rate Policy,” The Rideshare Guy, August 5, 2016, http://therideshareguy.com/how-to-take-advantage-of-ubers-new-acceptance-rate-policy/.

　　27.Rosenblat and Stark, “Algorithmic Labor,” 3762.

　　28.Benjamin Sachs, “Uber’s Passenger Acceptance Rules: More Evidence of Employee Status,” On Labor, July 14, 2017, https://onlabor.org/uberspassenger-acceptance-rules-more-evidence-of-employee-status.

　　29.Mike Isaac, “How Uber Deceives the Authorities Worldwide,” New York Times, March 3, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/03/03/technology/ubergreyball-program-evade-authorities.html.

　　30.Alex Rosenblat, “Uber’s Phantom Cabs,” Motherboard, July 27, 2015,https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/mgbz5a/ubers-phantom-cabs.

　　31.Liat Clark, “Uber Denies Researchers’ ‘Phantom Cars’ Map Claim, Wired,”July 28, 2015, www.wired.co.uk/article/uber-cars-always-in-real-time.

　　32.“Uber CEO Kalanick Argues with Driver over Falling Fares,” YouTube,February 28, 2017, www.youtube.com/wactch?v=gTyEDoY CkNlqns; Eric Newcomer, “In Video, Uber CEO Argues with Driver over Falling Fares,” February 28, 2017, Bloomberg Technology, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-02-28/in-video-uber-ceo-argues-withdriver-over-falling-fares.

　　33.卡兰尼克被媒体炮轰似乎呼应了人们对这家公司形象被夸大的批判情绪，这让我想起来 Emmett Penny一篇关于“色情文学”的文章。Emmett Penny, “Lectureporn: The Vulgar Art of Liberal Narcissism,” Paste,June 26, 2017, www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2017/06/lectureporn-thevulgar-art-of-liberal-narcissism.html.

　　34.Johana Bhuiyan, “A New Video Shows Uber CEO Travis Kalanick arguing with a Driver over Fares,” ReCode, February 28, 2017, www.recode.net/2017/2/28/14766964/video-uber-travis-kalanick-driver-argument.

　　35.Julia Carrie Wong, “Uber CEO Travis Kalanick Resigns Following Months of Chaos,” The Guardian, June 21, 2017, www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jun/20/uber-ceo-travis-kalanick-resigns.

　　36.Rosenblat, “What Motivates Gig Economy Workers.”

　　第四章 暗处的中间商：优步是如何管钱的

　　1.Alex Rosenblat, “How Can Wage Theft Emerge in App-Mediated Work?”The Rideshare Guy, August 10, 2016, therideshareguy.com/how-can-wagetheft-emerge-in-app-mediated-work/.

　　2.Eric Newcomer, “Uber Starts Charging What It Thinks You’re Willing to Pay,” Bloomberg Technology, May 19, 2017, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-19/uber-s-future-may-rely-on-predicting-how-muchyou-re-willing- to-pay/.

　　3.Kashmir Hill, “How Facebook Figures Out Everyone You’ve Ever Met,”Gizmodo, November 7, 2017, https://gizmodo.com/how-facebook-figuresout- everyone-youve-ever-met-1819822691.

　　4.Tarleton Gillespie, “Can an Algorithm Be Wrong?” Limn, no. 2 (2012),https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0jk9k4hj; see, e.g., Tarleton Gillespie, “The Politics of ‘Platforms’”， New Media & Society 12, no. 3 (2010): 347-364,http://hdl. handle.net/1813/12774.

　　5.Siva Vaidhyanathan, The Googlization of Everything (Hangzhou, China:Zhejiang People’s Publishing House, 2014), 62; danah boyd and Kate Crawford,“Critical Questions for Big Data,” Information, Communications & Society 15, no. 5 (March 20, 2012): 662-679, www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13691 18X.2012.678878; Cathy O’Neil, Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy(New York: Crown, 2016); Frank Pasquale, The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information (Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 2015).

　　6.Alexis C. Madrigal, “The False Dream of a Neutral Facebook,” The Atlantic,September 28, 2017, www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/09/the-false-dream-of-a-neutral-facebook/541404/.

　　7.Julia Angwin and Surya Mattu, “Amazon Says It Puts Customers First; But Its Pricing Algorithm Doesn’t,” ProPublica, September 20, 2016, www.propublica.org/article/amazon-says-it-puts-customers-first-but-its-pricingalgorithm-doesnt.

　　8.Aniko Hannak, Gary Soeller, David Lazer, Alan Mislove, and Christo Wilson, “Measuring Price Discrimination and Steering on E-Commerce Web Sites,” Proceedings of the 2014 Internet Measurement Conference(New York: ACM, 2014): 305-318, https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2663744.

　　9.Jennifer Valentino-DeVries, Jeremy Singer-Vine, and Ashkan Soltani,“Websites Vary Prices, Deals Based on Users’ Information,” Wall Street Journal, December 24, 2012, www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323777204 578189391813881534; Julia Angwin and Jeff Larson, “The Tiger Mom Tax: Asians Are Nearly Twice as Likely to Get a Higher Price from Princeton Review,” ProPublica, September 1,2015, www.propublica.org/article/asians-nearly-twice-as-likely-to-gethigher-price-from-princeton-review.

　　10.Dana Mattioli, “On Orbitz, Mac Users Steered to Pricier Hotels,” Wall Street Journal, August 23, 2012, www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304458 604577488822667325882.

　　11.Uber Team, “Uber’s New CEO,” UBER Newsroom, August 29, 2017,https://newsroom.uber.com/ubers-new-ceo/.

　　12.Sarah Buhr, “Uber Appoints Former Orbitz CEO Barney Harford as Chief Operating Officer,” Tech Crunch, December 20, 2017, https://techcrunch.com/2017/12/20/uber-appoints-former-orbitz-ceo-as-chief-operatingofficer/.

　　13.E. H., “How Might Your Choice of Browser Affect Your Job Prospects?”The Economist, April 11, 2013, www.economist.com/blogs/economistexplains/2013/04/economist-explains-how-browser-affects-jobprospects; 参阅 Alex Rosen- blat, Kate Wikelius, danah boyd, Seeta Peña Gangadharan, and Corrine Yu, “Data& Civil Rights: Employment Primer, ”Data & Society Research Institute, October 30, 2014, www.datacivilrights.org/pubs/2014-1030/Employment.pdf.

　　14.Mimi Onuoha, “Side-by-Side Images Expose a Glitch in Google’s Maps,”Quartz, June 6, 2017, https://qz.com/982709/google-maps-is-making- entirecommunities-invisible-the-consequences-are-worrying/.

　　15.Latanya Sweeney, “Discrimination in Online Ad Delivery,” Data Privacy Lab, 2013, https://dataprivacylab.org/projects/onlineads/.

　　16.Samuel Gibbs, “Women Less Likely to Be Shown Ads for High-Paid Jobs on Google, Study Shows,” The Guardian, July 8, 2015, www. theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/08/women-less-likely-ads-highpaid-jobs-google-study; see, e.g., Amit Datta, Michael Carl Tschantz,and Anupam Datta, “Automated Experiments on Ad Privacy Settings: A Tale of Opacity, Choice, and Discrimination,” Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies, no. 1 (2015), www.degruyter.com/view/j/popets.2015.1.issue-1/popets-2015-0007/popets-2015-0007.xml.

　　17.Safiya Umoja Noble, “Google Equates Black Girls with Sex; Why?” The Root, March 13, 2013, www.theroot.com/google-equates-black-girls-withsex- why-1790895563.

　　18.Hans Rollman, “Don’t Google It! How Search Engines Reinforce Racism,”popMatters, January 30, 2018, www.popmatters.com/algorithms- oppressionsafiya-umoja-noble-2529677349.html.

　　19.Alex Rosenblat, Karen E. C. Levy, Solon Barocas, and Tim Hwang,“Discriminating Tastes: Uber’s Customer Ratings as Vehicles for Workplace Discrimination,” Policy & Internet 9 (2017): 256-279, doi:10.1002/poi3.153.

　　20.Robinson Meyer, “Everything We Know about Facebook’s Secret Mood Manipulation Experiment,” The Atlantic, June 28, 2014, www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/everything-we-know-about-facebookssecret- mood-manipulation-experiment/373648/.

　　21.Adam D. I. Kramer, Jamie E. Guillory, and Jeffrey T. Hancock,“Experimental Evidence of Massive-Scale Emotional Contagion through Social Net- works,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111,no. 24 (2014): 8788-8790, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1320040111.

　　22.Olivia Solon, “Russia-Backed Facebook Posts ‘Reached 126m Americans’during US Election,” The Guardian, October 30, 2017, www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/30/facebook-russia-fake-accounts-126-million.

　　23.大部分摘录自一篇名为“How Can Wage Theft Emerge in App-Mediated Work?” 的博客文章，这是我2016年8月10日写给The Rideshare Guy的。https://therideshareguy.com/how- can-wage-theft-emerge-in-app-mediated-work/.

　　24.Rasier, LLC, “TECHNOLOGY SERVICES AGREEMENT,” https://s3.amazon- aws.com/uber-regulatory-documents/country/united_states/RASI ER+Technology+Services+Agreement+Decmeber+10+2015.pdf.

　　25.Josh Constine, “Now Some Ubers Will Only Wait 2 Minutes before Charging You, Not 5,” TecbCruncb, April 26, 2016, https://techcrunch.com/2016/04/26/no-you-cant-go-to-the-bathroom-first/.

　　26.Michael Tee与Harry Campbell的对话, “RSG035: Michael Tee on Launching the App Rideshare Timer,” The Rideshare Guy, February 29, 2016,https://therideshareguy.com/rsg035-michael-tee-on-launching-the-apprideshare-timer/.

　　27.Christian Perea, “Uber’s Upfront Pricing Is Secretly Overcharging Passengers without Paying Drivers,” The Rideshare Guy, September 26, 2016, https://therideshareguy.com/ubers-upfront-pricing-is-secretlyovercharging-passengers-without-paying-drivers/.

　　28.Alison Griswold, “How to Tell When Uber Is Overcharging You,” Quartz,April 5, 2017, https://qz.com/948785/how-to-tell-when-ubers-upfrontpricing-is-overcharging-you/.

　　29.Alison Griswold, “How to Tell When Uber Is Overcharging You,” Quartz,April 5, 2017, https://qz.com/948785/how-to-tell-when-ubers-upfrontpricing-is-overcharging-you/.

　　30.Alison Griswold, “How to Tell When Uber Is Overcharging You,” Quartz,April 5, 2017, https://qz.com/948785/how-to-tell-when-ubers-upfrontpricing-is-overcharging-you/.

　　31.Sophano Van v. Raiser, LLC, United States District Court Central District of California, Case No. 2:17-cv-02550-DMB-JEM, p. 15,https://arstechnica.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/uberresponsecheatin gsoftwaresuitseptember14.pdf; David Kravets, “Uber: We Don’t Have to Pay Drivers Based on Rider Fares,” Ars Technica, September 18, 2017,https://arstechnica.com/tech- policy/2017/09/uber-driver-pay-plan-puts-asignificant-risk-on-ride-hailing- service/.

　　32.Alex Rosenblat, “The Truth about How Uber’s App Manages Drivers,”Harvard Business Review, April 6, 2016, hbr.org/2016/04/the-truth-abouthow- ubers-app-manages-drivers.

　　33.Douglas O’Connor, Thomas Colopy, Matthew Manahan, and Elie Gurfinkel vs. Uber Technologies, Inc., no. C 13-3826 EMC, “Transcript of Proceedings,” p. 59, U.S. District Court, Northern California: January 30, 2015, http://uberlawsuit.com/Uber%20-%20Transcript%20of%20 hearing%20on%20summary%20judgment%20-%201-30-15.pdf.

　　34.Alex Rosenblat, “How Can Wage Theft Emerge in App-Mediated Work?”The Rideshare Guy, August 10, 2016, https://therideshareguy.com/howcan-wage-theft-emerge-in-app-mediated-work/.

　　35.Julia Carrie Wong, “Uber Admits Underpaying New York City Drivers by Millions of Dollars,” The Guardian, May 23, 2017, www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/23/uber-underpaid-drivers-new-york-city.

　　36.Liat Clark, “Uber Denies Researchers ‘Phantom Cars’ Map Claim,” Wired,July 28, 2015, para. 6, www.wired.co.uk/article/uber-cars-always-in-realtime; Tim Hwang and M. C. Elish, “The Mirage of the Marketplace,”Slate, July 27, 2015, www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2015/07/uber_s_algorithm_and_the_mirage_of_the_marketplace.html; Alex Rosenblat and Luke Stark, “Algorithmic Labor and Information Asymmetries: A Case Study of Uber’s Drivers,” International Journal of Communication 10, no. 27 (2016): 3768, http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/4892.

　　37.Le Chen, Alan Mislove, and Christo Wilson, “Peeking beneath the Hood of Uber,” 发表于2015年10月28日到30日在东京举办的Internet Measurement Conference会议议程。 (New York: ACM, 2015), 1, https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2815681.

　　38.Le Chen, Alan Mislove, and Christo Wilson, “Peeking beneath the Hood of Uber,” 发表于2015年10月28日到30日在东京举办的Internet Measurement Conference会议议程。 (New York: ACM, 2015), 1, https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2815681.

　　39.例如，当一名乘客打开软件时，优步的技术系统应该能定位乘客的所在位置，并自动将这名乘客没定在网络中的一个服务器上；这一地区没有一名乘客理应享受同样的价格和费率。然而，系统却并非是无缝运行的：在同一地区的用户可能会是通过两个距离很远的服务器来分别处理数据。由于没有固定在一个服务器上，因此溢价政策也是基于来自不同服务器的请求来计算的。如果两者没有无缝同步，结果就会导致同一地区的不同用户所享受的价格也不同。参阅本章注释1～3.

　　40.节选自 Ryan Calo and Alex Rosenblat, “The Taking Economy: Uber, Information, and Power,” Columbia Law Review 117, no. 6 (2017), http://columbia lawreview.org/content/the-taking-economy-uber-information-and-power/.

　　41.Rosenblat and Stark, “Algorithmic Labor”; Alex Rosenblat and Tim Hwang,“Wisdom of the Captured,” Data & Society Research Institute, September 2016,https://datasociety.net/pubs/ia/Wisdom_of_Captured_09-16.pdf.

　　42.本部分部分摘录自 Rosenblat and Stark, “Algorithmic Labor,” 3770-3771.

　　43.Angèle Christin, “Algorithms in Practice: Comparing Web Journalism and Criminal Justice,” July 16, 2017, Big Data & Society 4 (2): 1-14, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2053951717718855.

　　44.Rosenblat and Hwang, “Wisdom of the Captured,” 4-5.

　　45.Rosenblat and Hwang, “Wisdom of the Captured,” 4-5.

　　46.司机们确实有过反抗优步控制的行为，例如欺骗自动导航系统。

　　47.Rosenblat and Hwang, “Wisdom of the Captured,” 4.

　　48.Rosenblat and Stark, “Algorithmic Labor,” 3768.

　　49.Rosenblat and Stark, “Algorithmic Labor,” 3768.

　　50.Cass R. Sunstein, “Misconceptions about Nudges,” September 6, 2017,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3033101.

　　第五章 幕后故事：优步如何用算法管理司机

　　1.“New LAX Rule: Taxi Drivers Who Discriminate Will Lose Permits,” CBS Los Angeles, February 2, 2016, http://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2016/02/02/lacity-council-to-consider-revoking-permits-from-taxi-cab-drivers-who-refuseservice-at-lax/; Yanbo Ge, Christopher R. Knittel, Don MacKenzie, and Stephen Zoepf, “How Apps Like Uber Perpetuate the Cab Industry’s Racial Discrimination,” Alternet, January 6, 2017, www.alternet.org/economy/how-apps-uber-perpetuate-cab-industrys-racial-discrimination.

　　2.Yanbo Ge, Christopher R. Knittel, Don MacKenzie, and Stephen Zoepf,“Racial and Gender Discrimination in Transportation Network Companies,”National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2016, www.nber.org/papers/w22776.

　　3.Andrew Beinstein and Ted Sumers, “How Uber Engineering Increases Safe Driving with Telematics,” UBER Engineering, June 29, 2016, https://eng.uber.com/telematics/.

　　4.在其他公开报道过的乘客被性骚扰的事件中，司机同样反应了优步系统与他们之间沟通渠道不通畅的问题。参阅Cheryl Herd, “San Francisco Uber Driver Sexually Harassed by Passenger on New Year’s Eve,” NBC Bay Area, January 26, 2018, www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/San-Francisco-Uber-Driver-Sexually-Harrassed-by-Passenger-on-NewYears-Eve-471398763.html.

　　5.Alex Rosenblat and Tim Hwang, “Wisdom of the Captured,” Data &Society Research Institute, September 2016, p. 3, https://datasociety.net/pubs/ia/Wisdom_of_Captured_09-16.pdf.

　　6.Tarleton Gillespie, “The Relevance of Algorithms,” in Media Technologies,ed. Tarleton Gillespie, Pablo Boczkowskie, and Kristen Foot (Cambridge,MA: MIT Press, 2014); Angele Christin, “Algorithms in Practice: Comparing Web Journalism and Criminal Justice,” Big Data & Society (2017): 1-4,http:// journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2053951717718855.

　　7.关于此话题参阅Cass R. Sunstein, “Nudging: A Very Short Guide,”Journal of Consumer Policy 37, no. 4 (2014): 583-588, doi:10.1007/s10603-014-9273-1.

　　8.Josh Horwitz, “Uber Customer Complaints from the US Are Increasingly Handled in the Philippines,” Quartz, July 30, 2015, https://qz.com/465613/uber-customer-complaints-from-the-us-are-increasingly-handled-in-thephilippines/.

　　9.参阅 Heather Timmons, “Uber Explains Why a Search for ‘Rape’ in Its Customer Support Inbox Gets Thousands of Results,” Quartz, March 7, 2016, https://qz.com/632440/uber-explains-why-a-search-fon-rape-in-its-customersupport-inbox-gets-thousands-of-results/.

　　10.“180 Days of Change: Building Together in 2018,” Uber, December 7,2017, www.uber.com/blog/180-days-of-change-building-together-in-2018/.

　　11.Jay Cradeur, “Uber Deactivated My Driver Account for No Reason,” The Rideshare Guy, December 20, 2017, https://therideshareguy.com/uberdeactivation/.

　　12.Aaron Sanking, “Senate Report Shows a New Way Wireless Companies Are Ripping You Off,” Daily Dot, July 31, 2014, www.dailydot.com/layer8/cramming-cellphone-fee-senate-report/.

　　13.Avi Asher-Schapiro, “As Uber Probes Sexual Harassment at Its Offices, It Overlooks Hundreds of Thousands of Female Drivers,” The Intercept, May 4,2017, https://theintercept.com/2017/05/04/as-uber-probes-sexual-harassmentat-its-offices-it-overlooks-hundreds-of-thousands-of-female-drivers/.

　　14.Harry Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century (New York: New York University Press, 1974);James R. Beniger, The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989); Elia Zureik, “Theorizing Surveillance: The Case of the Workplace,” in Surveillance as Social Sorting: Privacy, Risk and Digital Discrimination, ed. David Lyon (London, UK: Routledge, 2002): 31-56;Alex Rosenblat and Luke Stark, “Algorithmic Labor and Information Asymmetries: A Case Study of Uber’s Drivers,” International Journal of Communication 10, no. 27 (2016): 3772, http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/ view/4892.

　　15.Jessica Bruder, “These Workers Have a New Demand: Stop Watching Us,”The Nation, May 27, 2015, www.thenation.com/article/these-workershave-new-demand-stop-watching-us/; Monique Girard and David Stark, “Distributing Intelligence and Organizing Diversity in New Media Projects,” Environment and Planning A 34, no. 11 (2002): 1927-1949;Rosenblat and Stark, “Algorithmic Labor,” 3772.

　　16.Linda Fuller and Vicki Smith, “Consumers’ Reports: Management by Customers in a Changing Economy,” Work, Employment and Society 5,no. 1 (1991): 1-16; Luke Stark and Karen E. C. Levy, “The Consumer as Surveillor,” 2015年6月加州伯克利召开的 Privacy Law Scholars Conference上提交的论文); Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (Oxford, UEK: Blackwell, 2002); Rosenblat and Stark,“Algorithmic Labor,” 3774.

　　17.Nikil Saval, Cubed: A Secret History of the Workplace (New York: Doubleday, 2014), 297.

　　18.Harry Campbell, “How to Take Advantage of Uber’s New Acceptance Rate Policy,” The Rideshare Guy, August 6, 2016, https://therideshareguy.com/how-to-take-advantage-of-ubers-new-acceptance-rate-policy/.

　　19.有一条警示：司机的评分只会跟同一地区的其他司机做对比。路易斯安那州巴吞鲁日的一名评分为4.6/5的司机不会跟加州洛杉矶另外一名评分为4.8/5的司机做对比。这样做是有道理的：因为司机的评分大都来自当地乘客，因此如果用另外一个地区所设定的标准来评判当地司机稍低的评分并因此冻结司机账户的话是不合理的。

　　20.Rosenblat and Stark, “Algorithmic Labor,” 3775-3776.

　　21.Gina Neff, Venture Labor: Work and the Burden of Risk in Innovative Industries (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press., 2012), 28; Rosenblat and Stark,“Algorithmic Labor,” 3772.

　　22.Robin Leidner, “Emotional Labor in Service Work,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 561, no. 1 (1999): 83; Rosenblat and Stark, “Algorithmic Labor,” 3772.

　　23.这一情绪来源于“情绪杀手”一词，描述的是压抑的工作环境和措施会对人的精神产生伤害，参阅Winifred Poster, “Hidden Side of the Credit Economy: Emotions, Outsourcing, and Indian Call Centers,”International Journal of Comparative Sociology 54, no. 3 (2013): 225,https://nebula.wsimg.com/b0550d72bc3b5a3787bee80b630b9266?Access KeyId=BE299D66B75FCD35FBFD&disposition= 0&alloworigin=1.

　　24.See also Mareike Glöss, Moira McGregor, and Barry Brown, “Designing for Labour: Uber and the On-Demand Mobile Workforce,” Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York:ACM, 2016): 1632-1643, http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2858036.2858476.

　　25.Noopur Raval and Paul Dourish, “Standing Out from the Crowd: Emotional Labour, Body Labour, and Temporal Labour in Ridesharing,” Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (New York: ACM): 97-107, http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2818048.2820026.

　　26.Arlie Russell Hochschild, The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling, Twentieth Anniversary Edition, with a New Afterword,2nd ed. (Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2003), www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.cttippocf.

　　27.Alison Pullen and Ruth Simpson, “Managing Difference in Feminized Work: Men, Otherness and Social Practice,” Human Relations 62, no. 4(2009): 561-587.

　　28.优步实施 “180天造就改变”政策后所采取的措施中，优步开始允许乘客解释低评分的原因了。“180天造就改变”政策是优步旨在改善与司机之间关系而从2017年7月起采取的改善司机工作体验的政策。参阅Uber, “180 Days of Change,” www.uber.com/c/180-days/.

　　29.Alex Rosenblat, Karen E. C. Levy, Solon Barocas, and Tim Hwang,“Discriminating Tastes: Uber’s Customer Ratings as Vehicles for Workplace Discrimination,” Policy & Internet 9 (2017): 256-279, doi:10.1002/poi3.153.Thanks to law professor Benjamin G. Edelman for this insightful point.

　　30.See, e.g., Johnson v. Zema Systems Corp., 170 F. 3d 734—Court of Appeals,7th Circuit 1999. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=71980 99510076927053&hl=en&as_sdt=6,33; Fernandez v. Wynn Oil Co., 653 F. 2d 1273—Court of Appeals, 9th Circuit 1981. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_ case?case=17090205096023394365&hl=en&as_sdt=6,33.

　　31.Rosenblat, Levy, Barocas, and Hwang, “Discriminating Tastes.”

　　32.Rosenblat, Levy, Barocas, and Hwang, “Discriminating Tastes.”

　　33.Fair Work Commission. Mr. Michael Kaseris v. Raisier Pacific V.O.F.FWC 6610, Melbourne, Australia, December 21, 2017, www.fwc.gov.au/documents/decisionssigned/html/2017fwc6610.htm.

　　34.Michael Lewis, “Proposed Ontario Class-Action Claims Uber Drivers Are Employees Not Contractors,” The Star, January 24, 2017, www.thestar.com/business/2017/01/24/proposed-ontario-class-action-claims-uberdrivers- are-employees-not-contractors.html.

　　35.Employment Appeal Tribunal, Appeal No. UKEAT/0056/17/DA(London, November 10, 2017), https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a046b06e5274a0ee5a1f171/Uber_B.V._and_Others_v_Mr_Y_Aslam_ and_Others_UKEAT_0056_17_DA.pdf.

　　36.“Court: Uber Drivers Are Independent Contractors, Not Employees,” CBS,February 1, 2017, http://miami.cbslocal.com/2017/02/01/court-uberdrivers-contractors-employees/.

　　37.Mike Isaac and Natasha Singer, “California Says Uber Driver Is Employee,Not a Contractor,” New York Times, June 17, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/06/18/business/uber-contests-california-labor-ruling-that-saysdrivers-should-be-employees.html?mtrref=www.nytimes.com.

　　38.引用自Judge Edward M. Chen 在Douglas O’Connor, Thomas Colopy,Matthew Manahan, and Elie Gurfinkel vs, “Uber Technologies,” Inc.,No. C 13-3826 EMC, court transcript (U.S. District Court, Northern CA:January 30, 2015), 17.

　　39.Complaint for Permanent Injunction and Other Equitable Relief at 10-11,FTC v. Uber Techs., Inc., No. 17-261 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 19, 2017); Ryan Calo and Alex Rosenblat, “The Taking Economy: Uber, Information, and Power,”Columbia Law Review 117, no. 6 (2017), http://columbialawreview.org/content/the-taking-economy-uber-information-and-power/.

　　40.James Vincent, “Leaked Document Shows How Gig Economy Companies Avoid the Term ‘Employee,’” The Verge, April 6, 2017, www.theverge.com/2017/4/6/15204098/deliveroo-gig-economy-language-dos-dontsworkers.

　　41.Jordan Pearson, “Uber Is Using AI to Charge People as Much as Possible for a Ride,” Motherboard, May 19, 2017, https://motherboard.vice.com/en_ us/article/ywmex5/uber-is-using-ai-to-charge-people-as-much-aspossible- for-a-ride.

　　42.Kara Swisher and Johana Bhuiyan, “A Top Uber Executive, Who Obtained the Medical Records of a Customer Who Was a Rape Victim, Has Been Fired,” ReCode, June 7, 2017, www.recode.net/2017/6/7/15754316/uberexecutive-india-assault-rape-medical-records.

　　43.Ben Smith, “Uber Executive Suggests Digging Up Dirt on Journalists,”BuzzFeed, November 18, 2014, www.buzzfeed.com/bensmith/uberexecutive-suggests-digging-up-dirt-on-journalists?utm_term=.tieA9mVK54#.qyoQ7Pv0LK; Sarah Lacy, “The Moment I Learned Just How Far Uber Will Go to Silence Journalists and Attack Women,” Pando,November 17, 2014, https:// pando.com/2014/11/17/the-moment-i-learnedjust-how-far-uber-will-go-to-silence-journalists-and-attack-women/.

　　44.Biz Carson, “Bombshell Letter Exposes Uber’s Corporate Spy Tactics,” Forbes, December 15, 2017, www.forbes.com/sites/bizcarson/2017/12/15/jacobs-letter-uber-spy-tactics/#697c4817f9f6.

　　45.Kashmir Hill, “‘God View’: Uber Allegedly Stalked Users for PartyGoers’ Viewing Pleasure (Updated),” Forbes, October 3, 2014, www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2014/10/03/god-view-uber-allegedly-stalkedusers-for-party- goers-viewing-pleasure/#3a9f548c3141.

　　46.Natasha Singer and Mike Isaac, “Uber Data Collection Changes Should Be Barred, Privacy Group Urges,” New York Times, June 22, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/06/23/technology/uber-data-collection-changes-shouldbe-barred-privacy-group-urges.html.

　　47.Woodrow Hartzog (@hartzog), Twitter, August 29, 2017, https://twitter.com/hartzog/status/902639193033240580.

　　48.Mike Isaac, “Uber’s C.E.O. Plays with Fire,” New York Times, April 23,2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/04/23/technology/travis-kalanick-pushesuber-and-himself-to-the-precipice.html.

　　49.See, e.g., Julie E. Cohen, Configuring the Networked Self: Law, Code, and Play of Everyday Practice (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012);Evan Selinger, Jules Polonetsky, and Omer Tene, eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Consumer Privacy (New York: Cambridge University Press,2018).

　　50.Jaron Lanier, Who Owns the Future? (New York: Simon and Schuster,2013).

　　51.Mary L. Gray (@marylgray), Twitter, December 29, 2017, https:// twitter.com/marylgray/status/946904792118460416.

　　52.本章节部分内容最早发表于我写给《快公司》杂志的一篇文章中。参见 Alex Rosenblat, “The Network Uber Drivers Built,” Fast Company, January9, 2018, www.fastcompany.com/40501439/the-network-uber-drivers-built.这一田野调查结果同样来自一个合作项目：Alexandra Mateescu, Alex Rosenblat, and Julia Ticona, “Mapping Inequalities in the On-Demand Economy” (unpublished white paper, New York: Data & Society Research Institute, January 31, 2018).

　　53.Eric Newcomer, “Uber Paid Hackers to Delete Stolen Data on 57 Million People,” Bloomberg Technology, November 21, 2017, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-21/uber-concealed-cyberattack-that-exposed57-million- people-s-data.

　　54.Maureen K. Ohlhaussen and Terrell McSweeny, “Decision and Order in the Matter of Uber Technologies, Inc.,” United States of America before the Federal Trade Commission, Case No. 1523054, August 15, 2017,www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/1523054_uber_technologies_decision_and_order.pdf.

　　55.Derrick Harris, “The One-Night Stand, Quantified by Uber,” GIGAOM,March 26, 2012, https://gigaom.com/2012/03/26/uber-one-night-stands/.

　　56.Christian Rudder, “10 Charts about Sex,” OkCupid Blog, April 18, 2011,https://theblog.okcupid.com/10-charts-about-sex-47e30d9716b0.

　　57.Damon Beres, “Netflix Pulls Some Big Brother Nonsense with Your Data,”Mashable, December 11, 2017, http://mashable.com/2017/12/11/netflix-achristmas-prince-tweet-privacy/.

　　58.Damon Beres, “Netflix Pulls Some Big Brother Nonsense with Your Data,”Mashable, December 11, 2017, http://mashable.com/2017/12/11/netflix-achristmas-prince-tweet-privacy/.

　　59.Josh Constine, “Facebook Changes Mission Statement to ‘Bring the World Closer Together’”, Tech Crunch, June 22, 2017, https://techcrunch.com/2017/06/22/bring-the-world-closer-together/.

　　第六章 大联盟

　　1.Caroline O’Donovan, “Uber Bans Racists Too,” Buzzfeed News, August 14, 2017, www.buzzfeed.com/carolineodonovan/uber-is-also-willing-to-banwhite-supremacists.

　　2.Christine Hauser, “GoDaddy Severs Ties with Daily Stormer after Charlottesville Article,” New York Times, August 14, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/08/14/us/godaddy-daily-stormer-white-supremacists.html.

　　3.See, e.g., Alison Pugh, The Tumbleweed Society: Working and Caring in an Age of Insecurity (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015). Pugh还讨论了家庭与工作投入之间如何结合这一问题，他指出对一些人来说两者是彼此分离的，而对另外一些人来说则是彼此结合的。Andrew Cherlin 把美国社会的婚姻问题放在个人主义和新自由主义自治权日益两极化分裂这一语境以及婚姻作为一种正式的长期的承诺这一性质中进行讨论，详见：The Marriage-Go-Round (New York: Vintage, 2010).

　　4.Kirstie S. Ball and Stephen T. Margulis, “Electronic Monitoring and Surveillance in Call Centres: A Framework for Investigation,” New Technology, Work and Employment 26, no. 2 (2011): 113-126, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-005X.2011.00263.x/abstract.

　　5.Global News Staff, “Uber Can Now Legally Operate in Quebec,” Global News, October 22, 2016, http://globalnews.ca/news/3019867/uber-cannow-legally-operate-in-quebec/.

　　6.Carmel DeAmicis, “HomeJoy Shuts Down after Battling Worker Classification Lawsuits,” ReCode, July 17, 2015, www.recode.net/2015/7/17/11614814/cleaning-services-startup-homejoy-shuts-down-afterbattling-worker.

　　7.Olivia Solon, “‘It’s Digital Colonialism’: How Facebook’s Free Internet Service Has Failed Its Users,” The Guardian, July 27, 2017, www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jul/27/facebook-free-basics-developingmarkets?CMP= twt_a-technology_b-gdntech.

　　8.Ziru Li, Yili Hong, and Zhongju Zhang, “Do On-Demand Ride-Sharing Services Affect Traffic Congestion? Evidence from Uber Entry,” 2016,https:// papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2838043; Office of the Mayor, For-Hire Vehicle Transportation Study (New York: Office of the Mayor, January 2016), www1.nyc.gov/assets/operations/downloads/pdf/For-Hire-Vehicle- Transportation-Study.pdf.

　　9.Natasha Singer, “How Silicon Valley Pushed Coding into American Classrooms,”New York Times, June 27, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/06/27/technology/education-partovi-computer-science-coding-apple-microsoft.html.

　　10.Natasha Singer, “How Silicon Valley Pushed Coding into American Classrooms,”New York Times, June 27, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/06/27/technology/education-partovi-computer-science-coding-apple-microsoft.html.

　　11.Amar Toor, “Airbnb Comes under Fire for Tone-Deaf San Francisco Ads,”The Verge, October 22, 2015, www.theverge.com/2015/10/22/9591596/airbnb-san-francisco-ad-campaign-proposition-f.

　　12.Ryan Calo and Alex Rosenblat, “The Taking Economy: Uber, Information,and Power,” Columbia Law Review 117, no. 6 (2017), http://columbialawreview.org/content/the-taking-economy-uber-information-and-power/.

　　13.优步向我和我的共同执笔者瑞安·卡洛提供了这些评论，作为我们在撰写法律评论文章“The Taking Economy: Uber, Information and Power.”的准备工作中最后的事实审核论据。

　　14.Sam Levin, “Uber Admits to Self-Driving Car ‘Problem’ in Bike Lanes as Safety Concerns Mount,” The Guardian, December 19, 2016, www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/19/uber-self-driving-cars-bike lanes-safety-san- francisco.

　　15.Julia Carrie Wong, “California Threatens Legal Action against Uber Unless It Halts Self-Driving Cars,” The Guardian, December 16, 2016,www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/16/uber-defies-california-selfdriving-cars-san-francisco.

　　16.Mike Isaac (@Mikeisaac) wrote, “The state attorney generals office is not happy with Uber.” Twitter, December 16, 2016, https://twitter.com/MikeIsaac/status/809936567078965248.

　　17.Marisa Kendall, “Uber Sends Self-Driving Cars to Arizona after Failed San Francisco Pilot,” Mercury News, December 23, 2016, www.mercurynews.com/2016/12/22/uber-ships-self-driving-cars-to-arizona-after-failed-sanfrancisco- pilot/.

　　18.Selena Larson, “Arizona Suspends Uber’s Self-Driving Car Tests after Fatal Crash,” CNN Tech, March 27, 2018, http://money.cnn.com/2018/03/26/technology/arizona-suspends-uber-self-driving-cars/index.html.

　　19.Oliver Laughland, Jessica Glenza, Steven Thrasher, and Paul Lewis, “‘We Can’t Breathe’: Eric Garner’s Last Words Become Protestors’ Rallying Cry,”The Guardian, December 4, 2014, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/dec/04/we-cant-breathe-eric-garner-protesters-chant-last-words.

　　20.Paul Bradley Carr, “Travis Shrugged: The Creepy, Dangerous Ideology behind Silicon Valley’s Cult of Disruption,” Pando, October 24, 2012,https://pando.com/2012/10/24/travis-shrugged/.

　　21.Sarah Kessler, “The Gig Economy Won’t Last Because It’s Being Sued to Death,” Fast Company, February17, 2015, www.fastcompany.com/3042248/the-gig-economy-wont-last-because-its-being-sued-to-death.

　　22.DeAmicis, “HomeJoy Shuts Down.”

　　23.Marisa Kendall, “Lyft off the Hook in Driver Case, 3 years and $27 million Later,” Mercury News, March 16, 2017, www.mercurynews.com/2017/03/16/lyft-off-the-hook-in-driver-case-3-years-and-27-million-later/.

　　24.Benjamin Peters, How Not to Network a Nation: The Uneasy History of the Internet (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016), 11.

　　25.Benjamin Edelman, Michael Luca, and Dan Svirsky, “Racial Discrimination in the Sharing Economy: Evidence from a Field Experiment,” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, September 16, 2016, www.benedelman.org/publications/airbnb-guest-discrimination-2016-09-16.pdf.

　　26.Sam Levin, “Airbnb Gives In to Regulator’s Demand to Test for Racial Discrimination by Hosts,” The Guardian, April 27, 2017, www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/apr/27/airbnb-government-housing-test-black-discrimination.

　　27.Alex Rosenblat, “Uber’s Drive-By Politics,” Motherboard, May 27, 2016,https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/gv5jaw/uber-lyft-austin-driveby- politics.

　　28.Michael King, “Lege for Sale?” Austin Chronicle, March 14, 2017, www.austinchronicle.com/daily/news/2017-03-14/lege-for-sale/.

　　29.Texas HB 100, www.capitol.state.tx.us/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=85R&Bill=HB100.

　　30.Kimberly Reeves, “Uber’s Big Win: Texas Ridesharing Rules Bill Passes through Senate,” Austin Business Journal, May 17, 2017, www.bizjournals.com/austin/news/2017/05/17/ubers-big-win-texas-ridesharingrules-bill-passes.html.

　　31.HR 100, 85 Cong. (2017) (enacted), https://legiscan.com/TX/text/HB100/2017.

　　32.Joy Borkholder, Mariah Montgomery, Miya Saika Chen, and Rebecca Smith, “Uber State Interference: How Transportation Network Companies Buy, Bully, and Bamboozle Their Way to Deregulation,” National Employment Law Project and the Partnership for Working Families,January 2018, www.forworkingfamilies.org/sites/pwf/files/publications/Uber%20State%20Inter ference%20Jan%202018.pdf.

　　33.Rosenblat, “Uber’s Drive-By Politics.”

　　34.Mike Ramsey and Douglas MacMillan, “Carnegie Mellon Reels after Uber Lures away Researchers,” Wall Street Journal, May 31, 2015, www.wsj.com/article_email/is-uber-a-friend-or-foe-of-carnegie-mellon-in-robotics1433084582-lMyQ jAxMTE1MjA5MTUwNzE5Wj.

　　35.Cecilia Kang, “No Driver? Bring It On: How Pittsburgh Became Uber’s Testing Ground,” New York Times, September 10, 2016, www.nytimes.com/2016/09/11/technology/no-driver-bring-it-on-how-pittsburgh-becameubers-testing-ground.html.

　　36.Cecilia Kang, “Pittsburgh Welcomed Uber’s Driverless Car Experiment; Not Anymore,” New York Times, May 21, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/05/21/technology/pittsburgh-ubers-driverless-car-experiment.html.

　　37.Complaint for Permanent Injunction and Other Equitable Relief at 10-11,FTC v. Uber Techs., Inc., No. 17-261 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 19, 2017); Calo and Rosenblat, “The Taking Economy.”

　　38.最初的博客文章发表于此：https://newsroom.uber.com/an-uber-impact20000-jobs-created-on-the-uber-platformevery-month-2/.然而，这篇文章已被公司从网站移除，正式的博客文章已被作者归档。

　　39.Caroline O’Donovan, “Uber Rallies Drivers against Teamster Unionization Efforts with Podcasts and Pizza Parties,” Buzzfeed News, March 9, 2017, www.buzzfeed.com/carolineodonovan/uber-to-seattle-drivers-protectyour-freedom-from-the-teamst.

　　40.康奈尔大学在读博士生Mike Maffie (@maffiemd), 也发表了类似的看法：“通过#rideshare联盟来做评估似乎是个不错的办法。这个办法可以跟踪谁在听以及听了多长时间。” Twitter, March 15, 2017, https://twitter.com/maffiemd/status/841999619697573891.

　　41.Alison Griswold, “Three US States Have Already Blessed Uber’s Independent Contractor Employment Model,” Quartz, December 10,2015, https:// qz.com/571249/three-us-states-have-already-blessed-ubersindependent-contractor-employment-model/; Lisa Nagele-Piazza, “Florida Legislature Approves Ride-Hailing Driver Bill,” Society for Human Management,www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/legal-and-compliance/state-and-local-updates/pages/florida-legislature-approves-ride-hailingdriver-bill.aspx; Dara Kerr, “Uber and Lyft Messed with Texas—and Won,” CNET, June 20, 2017, www.cnet.com/news/uber-lyft-toyed-withtexas-to-get-their-ride-hailing-way/; Kimberly Reeves, “Uber’s Big Win:Texas Ridesharing Rules Bill Passes through Senate,” Austin Business Journal,May17,2017, www.bizjournals.com/austin/news/2017/05/17/ubers-big-win-texas-ridesharing-rules-bill-passes.html.

　　42.Lindsey Hadlock, “Upstate New York Ride-Hailing Drives Gig Economy,” Cornell University Media Relations Office, June 29, 2017, http://mediarelations.cornell.edu/2017/06/29/upstate-new-york-ride-hailingdrives-gig-economy/.

　　43.Safraz Maredia, “Westchester Would Send Anti-business Message by Opting Out from Ride-Hailing: Uber Official,” lohud, June 25, 2017,www.lohud.com/story/opinion/contributors/2017/06/26/westchester-ride hailing-uber-view/427351001/.

　　44.Edward T. Walker, “The Uberization of Activism,” New York Times,August 6, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/08/07/opinion/the-uber-izationof-activism.html?mcubz=1.

　　45.Nikil Saval, “Disrupt the Citizen: Against Ride Sharing,” Portside, July 11,2017, https://portside.org/2017-07-11/disrupt-citizen-against-ride-sharing.

　　46.同上; Wolfgang Streenck, “Citizens as Customers,” New Left Review 76 (2012),https://newleftreview.org/II/76/wolfgang-streeck-citizens-as- customers.

　　47.Jack Weatherford, Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World(New York: Broadway Books, 2014).

　　48.Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New York:OR Books, 2016).

　　49.“Uber, NAACP Create Partnership to Hire Minority Drivers in New Jersey,” December 23, 2015, CBS New York, http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2015/12/23/new-jersey-minority-uber-drivers-naacp/.

　　50.一位优步的高级职员在Instagram上发表了公司的回应：“新泽西全国白色人种协会能授予优步这一赞助商大奖，我们感到非常自豪。恭喜Sean Conner，感谢他的出色工作促进了我们和伙伴们在这个组织中的合作关系。” Nikolenka, Instagram, June 29, 2017, www.instagram.com/p/BV74IA-g6Pi/.

　　51.Travis Kalanick, “Record Shouldn’t Bar Ex-offenders from Work,” Uber Under The Hood, October 5, 2016, https://medium.com/@UberPubPolicy/record-shouldnt-bar-ex-offenders-from-work-a42732d2861b.

　　52.Ashley Nellis, “The Color of Justice: Racial and Ethnic Disparity in State Prisons,” The Sentencing Project, June 14, 2016, www.sentencingproject.org/publications/color-of-justice-racial-and-ethnic-disparity-in-state prisons/.

　　53.Tim Shorrock, “Labor-Clergy Coalition to March on Nissan Plant in Mississippi,” Portside, March 3, 2017, www.portside.org/2017-03-04/labor- clergy-coalition-march-nissan-plant-mississippi.

　　54.Nancy MacLean, Democracy in Chains (New York: Viking, 2017), 31.

　　55.Jordan Pearson, “Uber’s AI Hub in Pittsburgh Gutted a University Lab—Now It’s in Toronto,” May 9, 2017, https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/3dxkej/ubers-ai-hub-in-pittsburgh-gutted-a-university-lab-nowits- in-toronto.

　　56.Calo and Rosenblat, “The Taking Economy.”

　　57.2017年8月5日Anne Washington 通过Skype接受我的采访。

　　58.Andrew Zimbalist and Roger G. Noll, “Sports, Jobs, and Taxes: Are New Stadiums Worth the Cost?” Brookings June 1, 1997, www.brookings.edu/articles/sports-jobs-taxes-are-new-stadiums-worth-the-cost/;Gyregg Easterbrook, “How the NFL Fleeces Taxpayers,” Atlantic, October 2013,www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/10/how-the-nfl-fleecestaxpayers/309448/; Bret Schro- tenboer, “Abandoned NFL Cities Have Old Stadium Debt, New Outlook,” USA Today, March 31, 2017, www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/2017/03/31/relocation- oakland-raiders-sandiego-chargers-st-louis-rams/99848210/.

　　59.Alice Marwick, Status Update (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press,2013), ch. 5.

　　60.UBER, “Uber | MADD,” www.uber.com/partner/madd/.

　　61.“MADD Canada” and “Driving for an Angel: Shelly’s Story,” Uber passenger app, December 2017, screenshot taken by the author.

　　62.参阅e.g., in Canada, “Don’t Drink and Drive: Make DDADD Your Last Call,”Designated Drivers Against Drinking Drivers, https://ddadd.ca/; Christina Stevens, “Designated Driver Companies in Durham Say New Municipal Rules Will Kill Industry,” Global News, December 9, 2015, http://globalnews.ca/news/2391673/designated-driver-companies-in-durham-say-newmunicipal-rules-will-kill-industry/; Adam Hunter, “Sask. Company Hoping to Curb Drunk Driving Problem in Province,” CBC News, September 16,2016, www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/sask-designated-drivingcompany-looking-for-support-1.3765611; for the United States, see Scott Koegler, “Free Designated Drivers in 24 Cities in the US,” Exuberation!http://exuberation.com/regions-and-travels-publisher/326-free-designateddrivers-in-24-cities- in-the-us; DrinkingandDriving.org, “Prevention Tools,” www.drinkingand driving.org/designated-driver-services/.

　　63.Alex Rosenblat, “Is Your Uber/Lyft Driver in Stealth Mode?” Uber Screeds,July 19, 2016, https://medium.com/uber-screeds/is-your-uber-driver- inhiding-484696894139.

　　64.Judgment of December 20, 2017, Asociación Profesional Élite Taxi v. Uber Systems Spain SL, EU:C:2017:981, http://curia.europa.eu/juris/documents.jsf?num=C-434/15.

　　65.Charlotte Alter, “UN Women Breaks Off Partnership with Uber,” Time,March 23, 2015, http://time.com/3754537/un-women-breaks-offpartnership-with-uber/.

　　66.Susan Fowler, “Reflecting on One Very, Very Strange Year at Uber,” Susan Fowler (blog), February 19, 2017, www.susanjfowler.com/blog/2017/2/19/reflecting-on-one-very-strange-year-at-uber.

　　67.Susan Fowler, “Reflecting on One Very, Very Strange Year at Uber,” Susan Fowler (blog), February 19, 2017, www.susanjfowler.com/blog/2017/2/19/reflecting-on-one-very-strange-year-at-uber.

　　68.Sarah Lacy, “Susan Fowler Did This,” Pando, June 12, 2017, https://pando.com/2017/06/12/susan-fowler-did/.

　　69.Sara Ashley O’Brien, “Backlash Results after Uber Teams Up with Girls Who Code,” CNN Tech, August 25, 2017, http://money.cnn.com/2017/08/25/technology/business/uber-girls-who-code-donation-backlash/index.html.

　　70.Corinne Warnshuis (@corinnepw), Twitter, August 24, 2017, https://twitter.com/corinnepw/status/900915184960667649.

　　71.想了解更多男性气质，以下文章在低收入父亲的语境下做了深入探讨：Kathryn Edin and Timothy J. Nelson, Doing the Best I Can: Fatherhood in the Inner City (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014).

　　72.Perri Chase, “My Comments on the Unroll.Me/Uber Situation,” Medium,April 25, 2017, https://medium.com/@bethebutterfly/i-need-to-saysomething-about-the-freak-out-in-response-to-uber-and-unroll-mef17c42abaaa1.

　　73.Lucinda Shen, “200,000 Users Have Left Uber in the #DeleteUber Protest,”Fortune, February 3, 2017, http://fortune.com/2017/02/03/uber-lyft- deletedonald-trump-executive-order/.

　　74.Alison Griswold, “Uber Did Nothing Wrong, but That Couldn’t Stop the Liberal Outrage of #DeleteUber,” Quartz, January 30, 2017, https://qz.com/898159/why-are-people-deleting-uber-a-trump-backlash-thecompany-didnt-deserve/.

　　75.Sherman Alexie "ed in Anne Helen Petersen, “Sherman Alexie on Not Being ‘the Kind of Indian That’s Expected’”， Buzzfeed News, June 25,2017, www.buzzfeed.com/annehelenpetersen/sherman-alexie-is-not-theindian-you- expected.

　　76.Benjamin Edelman, “Uber Can’t Be Fixed—It’s Time for Regulators to Shut It Down,” Harvard Business Review, June 21, 2017, https://hbr.org/2017/06/uber-cant-be-fixed-its-time-for-regulators-to-shut-it-down.

　　77.Jim Dwyer, “For Uber and Other Drivers at Kennedy, a Long Wait to Do Their Business,” New York Times, June 29, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/06/29/nyregion/uber-drivers-kennedy-airport-restrooms.html.

　　78.Noam Scheiber, “Uber to Repay Millions to Drivers, Who Could Be Owed Far More,” New York Times, May 24, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/05/23/business/economy/uber-drivers-tax.html.

　　79.Alison Griswold, “Inside Uber’s Unsettling Alliance with Some of New York’s Shadiest Car Dealers,” Quartz, June 27, 2017, https://qz.com/1013882/ubers-rental-and-lease-programs-with-new-york-car-dealerspush-drivers-toward-shady-subprime-contracts/.

　　80.See, e.g., Biz Carson, “A Former Uber Driver Who Slept in Her Car Just Won a $15,000 Legal Settlement with Uber,” Business Insider, January 12, 2016,www.businessinsider.com/uber-driver-slept-with-family-in-vehicle- rented-fromuber-2016-1; Carla Green and Sam Levin, “Homeless, Assaulted, Broke:Drivers Left Behind as Uber Promises Change at the Top,” The Guardian,June 17, 2017, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jun/17/uber-drivershomeless-assault-travis-kalanick.

　　81.Eric Newcomer and Olivia Zaleski, “When Their Shifts End, Uber Drivers Set Up Camp in Parking Lots across the U.S.,” Bloomberg Technology,January 23, 2017, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-23/whentheir-shifts-end-uber-drivers-set-up-camp-in-parking-lots-across-the-u-s.

　　82.Avi Asher-Schapiro, “As Uber Probes Sexual Harassment at Its Offices, It Overlooks Hundreds of Thousands of Female Drivers,” The Intercept, May 4,2017, https://theintercept.com/2017/05/04/as-uber-probes-sexual-harassmentat-its-offices-it-overlooks-hundreds-of-thousands-of-female-drivers/.

　　83.Douglas MacMillan and Newley Purnell, “Smoke, Then Fire: Uber Knowingly Leased Unsafe Cars to Drivers,” Wall Street Journal, August 3, 2017, www.wsj.com/articles/smoke-then-fire-uber-knowingly-leasedunsafe-cars-to-drivers-1501786430.

　　84.Mike Isaac, “Uber’s C.E.O. Plays with Fire,” New York Times, April 23,2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/04/23/technology/travis-kalanick-pushesuber-and-himself-to-the-precipice.html.

　　85.Julia Carrie Wong, “Uber’s ‘Hustle-Oriented’ Culture Becomes a Black Mark on Employees’ Résumés,” The Guardian, March 7, 2017, www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/07/uber-work-culture-traviskalanick-susan-fowler-controversy.

　　86.Susan J. Fowler, “Reflecting on One Very, Very Strange Year at Uber,”February 19, 2017, Susan Fowler (blog), www.susanjfowler.com/blog/2017/2/19/reflecting-on-one-very-strange-year-at-uber.

　　87.Kara Swisher, “With Her Blog Post about Toxic Bro-Culture at Uber,Susan Fowler Proved That One Person Can Make a Difference,” ReCode,June 21, 2017, www.recode.net/2017/6/21/15844852/uber-toxic-brocompany- culture-susan-fowler-blog-post.

　　88.Reuters, “Uber Picks Dallas and Dubai for Its Planned 2020 Flying Taxi Launch,” Fortune, April 25, 2017, http://fortune.com/2017/04/26/uberdallas-dubai-2020-flying-taxi-launch/.

　　89.Tony Romm, “A Powerful Group of Black Lawmakers Is Pressuring Uber to Hire More Diverse Executives,” Recode, June 26, 2017, www. recode.net/2017/6/26/15871344/uber-black-lawmakers-hire-diversity-executivescedric-richmond-congressional-caucus.

　　结语 优步的新时代：科技消费如何重新定义工作准则

　　1.本章节的部分内容首先出现在我为《快公司》撰写的杂志文章中。参阅 Alex Rosenblat, “The Network Uber Drivers Built,” January 9, 2018, Fast Company, www.fastcompany.com/40501439/the-network-uber- drivers-built.这项田野调查同样参考了一项合作项目: 参见Alexandra Mateescu,Alex Rosenblat, and Julia Ticona, “Mapping Inequalities in the On-Demand Economy” (unpublished white paper, New York: Data & Society Research Institute, January 31, 2018).

　　2.V. B. Duval与我于2018年2月1日的电子邮件往来。

　　3.Mateescu, Rosenblat, and Ticona, “Mapping Inequalities.”

　　4.Alison Griswold, “Uber Drivers Are Using This Trick to Make Sure the Company Doesn’t Underpay Them,” Quartz, April 13, 2017, https://qz.com/956139/uber-drivers-are-comparing-fares-with-riders-to-check-theirpay-from-the-company/.

　　5.Christian Perea, “Uber’s Upfront Pricing Is Secretly Overcharging Passengers without Paying Drivers,” The Rideshare Guy, September 26,2016, https:// therideshareguy.com/ubers-upfront-pricing-is-secretlyovercharging-passengers-without-paying-drivers/.

　　6.“Workers who provide services through online intermediaries, such as Uber or Task Rabbit, accounted for 0.5 percent of all workers in 2015.” Lawrence F. Katz and Alan B. Krueger, “The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements in the United States,” 1995-2015,working paper 22667,National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2016, www.nber.org/papers/w22667.pdf.

　　7.Noam Scheiber, “How Uber’s Tax Calculation May Have Cost Drivers Hundreds of Millions,” New York Times, July 6, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/07/05/business/how-uber-may-have-improperly-taxed-itsdrivers.html.

　　8.Fredrick Kunkle, “Lyft Drivers Call for Investigation into Alleged ‘Wage Theft’”, Washington Post, May 31, 2017, www.washingtonpost.com/news/tripping/wp/2017/05/31/lyft-drivers-call-for-investigation-into-alleged-wage-theft/.

　　9.Lawrence F. Katz and Alan B. Krueger, “The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements in the United States, 1995-2015,” Working Paper 22667, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2016,www.nber.org/papers/w22667.pdf.

　　10.Jared Meyer, “By Losing Uber, Austin Is No Longer a Tech Capital,”Forbes, May 11, 2016, www.forbes.com/sites/jaredmeyer/2016/05/11/bylosing-uber-austin-is-no-longer-a-tech-capital/. Meyer, author of How Progressive Cities Fight Innovation (Encounter Books, 2017)一书的作者Meyer一直都是一位坚定的共享经济支持者。

　　11.2017年2月，加拿大统计局公布的数据表明，2015年11月—2016年10月，只有5%的温哥华人使用过网约车服务，相比之下，多伦多的数据是15%，渥太华-加蒂诺地区则是18%。参阅加拿大统计局，“Proportion of the Population Aged 18 and Older That Used Peer-to-Peer Ride Services from November 2015 to October 2016, by Selected Census Metropolitan Areas,” n.d., www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-"idien/170228/cgb002-eng.htm.

　　12.University of British Columbia, “Why Has Vancouver Been So Slow to Join the Sharing Economy?” n.d., www.alumni.ubc.ca/2017/webcasts/vancouverslow-join-sharing-economy/.

　　13.Tracey Read, “Painsville Judge Requiring Drunk Driving Defendants to Download Uber, Lyft on Smartphones,” News-Herald, June 10, 2017, www.news-herald.com/general-news/20170610/painesville-judge-requiringdrunk-driving-defendants-to-download-uber-lyft-on-smartphones.

　　14.TOI Staff, “Traffic Jam as Waze Mistakenly Declares J’lem-TA Road Closed,” Times of Israel, February 22, 2017, www.timesofisrael.com/traffic- snarls-as-waze-mistakenly-declares-main-road-closed/.

　　15.Tim Wu, “The Tyranny of Convenience,” New York Times, February 16, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/02/16/opinion/sunday/tyrannyconvenience.html?mtrref=www.nytimes.com&assetType=opinion.

　　附录一 我是如何研究优步的

　　1.2014年，在微软研究中心的赞助下，我和合作伙伴卢克·斯塔克博士开始了我们的第一项研究，并撰写了期刊文章“Algorithmic Labor and Information Asymmetries: A Case Study of Uber’s Drivers。”我们的研究主要依赖于对司机网上论坛的民族志学研究，不过我们还是采访了七名司机作为我们研究的一部分。我们将研究结果提交给了纽约大学审委会(New York University Institutional Review Board)，审委会认为我们的文章可以免于进一步审查。2016年我开始了第二项研究，此次我作为唯一的首席调研员，发表了“Regional Adaptations:Ridehail Driving。”这篇文章经Advarra审核，并得到了约翰与凯瑟琳.麦克阿瑟基金会的部分赞助（赞助是通过数据与合会研究所一项名为Intelligence & Autonomy的项目获得的）。后来我将这篇文章进行修订后再次提交给Advarra审委会，希望能扩大文章内容的覆盖范围，包括增加健康这一议题，同样，审委会认为这篇文章可以免于进一步审核。这篇修订后的研究文章的部分内容被用在了与Julia Ticona博士（她也是这个项目的主调研员）和分析师Alexandra Mateescu合作的对比研究项目中。项目名称是“Mapping Inequalities in the On-Demand Economy”，该项目得到了罗伯特·伍德·约翰逊基金会的赞助。

　　附录二 优步之外的网约车公司：认识一下来福车这个年轻的孪生兄弟

　　1.Lyft Blog, “Lyft Is Now Live across 40 States,” August 31, 2017, https://blog.lyft.com/posts/live-across-40-states.

　　2.Darrell Etherington, “Lyft Raises $1 Billion at $11 Billion Valuation Led by Alphabet’s CapitalG,” Tech Crunch, October 19, 2017, https://techcrunch.com/2017/10/19/lyft-raises-1-billion-at-11-billion-valuation-led-by-alphabetscapitalg/.

　　3.Rani Molla, “Uber’s Market Share Has Taken a Big Hit,” Recode, August 31, 2017, www.recode.net/2017/8/31/16227670/uber-lyft-market-sharedeleteuber-decline-users.

　　4.San Francisco County Transportation Authority, “TNCs Today: A Prfile of San Francisco Transportation Network Company Activity,” June 2017, www.sfcta.org/sites/default/files/content/Planning/TNCs/TNCs_Today_112917.pdf.

　　5.Jessica, “New Survey: Drivers Choose Uber for Its Flexibility and Convenience,” Uber Newsroom, December 7, 2015, https://newsroom.uber.com/driver-partner-survey/.

　　6.Lyft, “Explore,” February 14, 2018, www.lyft.com/.

　　7.Uber, “Get there,” February 14, 2018, www.uber.com/.

　　8.Harry Campbell, “2018 Uber and Lyft Driver Survey Results” —The Rideshare Guy, February 26, 2018, The Rideshare Guy, https://therideshareguy.com/2018-uber-and-lyft-driver-survey-results-the-rideshare-guy/.